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Template:About Template:Pp-vandalism Template:Pp-pc1 Template:Pp-move-indef Template:Short description Template:Infobox country
Finland (Template:Lang-fi Template:IPA-fi; Template:Lang-sv Template:IPA-sv, Template:IPA-sv), officially the Republic of Finland (Template:Lang-fi, Template:Lang-sv Template:Small),Template:Refn is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, Norway to the north, and is defined by the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, and the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of Template:Convert, with a population of 5.5 million. Helsinki is the country's capital and largest city, but together with the neighboring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, it forms a larger metropolitan area. Finnish, the native language of the Finns, is among the few Finnic languages in the world. The climate varies relative to latitude, from the southern humid continental climate to the northern boreal climate. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.[1]
Finland was inhabited around 9000 BC after the Last Glacial Period.[2] The Stone Age introduced several different ceramic styles and cultures. The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region.[3] From the late 13th century, Finland gradually became an integral part of Sweden as a consequence of the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was annexed by Russia as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, during which Finnish art flourished and the idea of independence began to take hold. In 1906, Finland became the first European state to grant universal suffrage, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office.[4][5] Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, tried to russify Finland and terminate its political autonomy, but after the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared independence from Russia. In 1918, the fledgling state was divided by the Finnish Civil War. During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. After the wars, Finland lost parts of its territory, but maintained its independence.
Finland largely remained an agrarian country until the 1950s. After World War II, the country rapidly industrialised and developed an advanced economy, while building an extensive welfare state based on the Nordic model, resulting in widespread prosperity and a high per capita income.[6] Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and adopted an official policy of neutrality. Finland joined the OECD in 1969, the NATO Partnership for Peace in 1994,[7] the European Union in 1995, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997,[7] and the Eurozone at its inception in 1999. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life and human development.[8][9][10][11] In 2015, Finland was ranked first in the World Human Capital[12] and the Press Freedom Index and as the most stable country in the world during 2011–2016 in the Fragile States Index,[13] and second in the Global Gender Gap Report.[14] It also ranked first on the World Happiness Report report for 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021.[15][16]
Etymology
Finland
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The earliest written appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three runestones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti (U 582). The third was found in Gotland. It has the inscription finlandi (G 319) and dates back to the 13th century.[17] The name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned at first known time AD 98 (disputed meaning).
Suomi
The name Suomi (Template:Langnf) has uncertain origins, but a common etymology with saame (Sami, a Finno-Ugric people in Lapland) and Häme (a province in the inland) has been suggested (Proto-Finnic *hämä from older *šämä, possibly loaned into Proto-Saami as *sāmē), whose source could be the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, meaning '(low) land'.[18] According to the hypothesis, *sāmē – or *šämä directly – was loaned back into Baltic as *sāma- (compare Latvian sāms 'Finn, Öselian'), from which Northern Finnic reborrowed it (perhaps via a Germanic intermediate *sōma-) as *sōma- > *sōme- 'Finland'.[19] In addition to the close relatives of Finnish (the Finnic languages), this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian (soms, Somija) and Lithuanian (suomis, Suomija), although these are evidently later borrowings. An alternative hypothesis by Petri Kallio suggests the Proto-Indo-European word *(dʰ)ǵʰm-on- 'human' (cf. Gothic guma, Latin homo), being borrowed into Uralic as *ćoma.[19]
It has been suggested that the Finnish word Suomi is first attested the Royal Frankish Annals annal for 811, which mentions a person called Suomi among the Danish delegation at a peace treaty with the Franks.[20] If so, it is also the earliest evidence for the change from the proto-Finnic monophthong Template:IPA to the Finnish diphthong Template:IPA.[21][22] However, some historical linguists view this interpretation of the name as unlikely, supposing another etymology or that the spelling originated as a scribal error (in which case the sound-change Template:IPA > Template:IPA could have happened much later).[23]
Concept
In the earliest historical sources, from the 12th and 13th centuries, the term Finland refers to the coastal region around Turku from Perniö to Uusikaupunki. This region later became known as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland. Finland became a common name for the whole country in a centuries-long process that started when the Catholic Church established a missionary diocese in Nousiainen in the northern part of the province of Suomi possibly sometime in the 12th century.[24]
The devastation of Finland during the Great Northern War (1714–1721) and during the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) caused Sweden to begin carrying out major efforts to defend its eastern half from Russia. These 18th-century experiences created a sense of a shared destiny that when put in conjunction with the unique Finnish language, led to the adoption of an expanded concept of Finland.[25]
History
Main article: History of Finland
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Prehistory
Main article: History of Finland#Prehistory
If the archeological finds from Wolf Cave are the result of Neanderthals' activities, the first people inhabited Finland approximately 120,000–130,000 years ago.[26] The area that is now Finland was settled in, at the latest, around 8,500 BC during the Stone Age towards the end of the last glacial period. The artifacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia, Russia, and Norway.[27] The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, using stone tools.[28]
The first pottery appeared in 5200 BC, when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced.[29] The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in Southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BC may have coincided with the start of agriculture.[30] Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy.
In the Bronze Age permanent all-year-round cultivation and animal husbandry spread, but the cold climate phase slowed the change.[31] Cultures in Finland shared common features in pottery and also axes had similarities but local features existed. Seima-Turbino-phenomenon brought first bronze artifacts to the region and possibly also the Finno-Ugric-Languages.[31][32] Commercial contacts that had so far mostly been to Estonia started to extend to Scandinavia. Domestic manufacture of bronze artifacts started 1300 BC with Template:Ill. Bronze was imported from Volga region and from Southern Scandinavia.[33]
In the Iron Age population grew especially in Häme and Savo regions. Finland proper was the most densely populated area. Cultural contacts to the Baltics and Scandinavia became more frequent. Commercial contacts in the Baltic Sea region grew and extended during the 8th and 9th centuries.
Main exports from Finland were furs, slaves, castoreum, and falcons to European courts. Imports included silk and other fabrics, jewelry, Ulfberht swords, and, in lesser extent, glass. Production of iron started approximately in 500 BC.[34]
At the end of the 9th century, indigenous artifact culture, especially women's jewelry and weapons, had more common local features than ever before. This has been interpreted to be expressing common Finnish identity which was born from an image of common origin.[35]
An early form of Finnic languages spread to the Baltic Sea region approximately 1900 BC with the Seima-Turbino-phenomenon. Common Finnic language was spoken around Gulf of Finland 2000 years ago. The dialects from which the modern-day Finnish language was developed came into existence during the Iron Age.[36] Although distantly related, the Sami retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns. The Sami cultural identity and the Sami language have survived in Lapland, the northernmost province, but the Sami have been displaced or assimilated elsewhere.
The 12th and 13th centuries were a violent time in the northern Baltic Sea. The Livonian Crusade was ongoing and the Finnish tribes such as the Tavastians and Karelians were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other. Also, during the 12th and 13th centuries several crusades from the Catholic realms of the Baltic Sea area were made against the Finnish tribes. According to historical sources, Danes waged at least three crusades to Finland, in 1187 or slightly earlier,[37] in 1191 and in 1202,[38] and Swedes, possibly the so-called second crusade to Finland, in 1249 against Tavastians and the third crusade to Finland in 1293 against the Karelians. The so-called first crusade to Finland, possibly in 1155, is most likely an unreal event. Also, it is possible that Germans made violent conversion of Finnish pagans in the 13th century.[39] According to a papal letter from 1241, the king of Norway was also fighting against "nearby pagans" at that time.[40]
Swedish era
Main article: Finland under Swedish rule
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Dark green: Sweden proper, as represented in the Riksdag of the Estates. Other greens: Swedish dominions and possessions
As a result of the crusades and the colonisation of some Finnish coastal areas with Christian Swedish population during the Middle Ages,[41] including the old capital Turku, Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the Catholic Church. Due to the Swedish conquest, the Finnish upper class lost its position and lands to the new Swedish and German nobility and to the Catholic Church.[42] In Sweden even in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was clear that Finland was a conquered country and its inhabitants could be treated arbitrarily. Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and in Swedish contemporary texts Finns were portrayed to be primitive and their language inferior.[43]
Swedish became the dominant language of the nobility, administration, and education; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry, clergy, and local courts in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas. During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism.[44]
In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish, and Finland's current capital city, Helsinki, was founded by Gustav I of Sweden.[45] The first university in Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was established in 1640. The Finns reaped a reputation in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) as a well-trained cavalrymen called "Hakkapeliitta", that division excelled in sudden and savage attacks, raiding and reconnaissance, which King Gustavus Adolphus took advantage of in his significant battles, like in the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) and the Battle of Rain (1632).[46][47] Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–1697, during which about one third of the Finnish population died,[48] and a devastating plague a few years later.
In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces, times known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath (1714–1721) and the Lesser Wrath (1742–1743).[48] It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath, due mainly to the destruction of homes and farms, and to the burning of Helsinki.[49] By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Russian border.[it just is, ok?]
Two Russo-Swedish wars in twenty-five years served as reminders to the Finnish people of the precarious position between Sweden and Russia. An increasingly vocal elite in Finland soon determined that Finnish ties with Sweden were becoming too costly, and following Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), the Finnish elite's desire to break with Sweden only heightened.[50]
Even before the war there were conspiring politicians, among them Col G. M. Sprengtporten, who had supported Gustav III's coup in 1772. Sprengporten fell out with the king and resigned his commission in 1777. In the following decade he tried to secure Russian support for an autonomous Finland, and later became an adviser to Catherine II.[50] In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson (1791–1858), "we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns", the Finnish national identity started to become established.[51]
Notwithstanding the efforts of Finland's elite and nobility to break ties with Sweden, there was no genuine independence movement in Finland until the early 20th century. As a matter of fact, at this time the Finnish peasantry was outraged by the actions of their elite and almost exclusively supported Gustav's actions against the conspirators. (The High Court of Turku condemned Sprengtporten as a traitor c. 1793.)[50] The Swedish era ended in the Finnish War in 1809.
Russian era
Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland
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On 29 March 1809, having been taken over by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire with the recognition given at the Diet held in Porvoo. This situation lasted until the end of 1917. In 1811, Alexander I incorporated the Russian Vyborg province into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the Crimean War, when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and Åland during the so-called Åland War. During the Russian era, the Finnish language began to gain recognition. From the 1860s onwards, a strong Finnish nationalist movement known as the Fennoman movement grew, and one of its most prominent leading figures of the movement was the philosopher J. V. Snellman, who was strictly inclined to Hegel's idealism, and who pushed for the stabilization of the status of the Finnish language and its own currency, the Finnish markka, in the Grand Duchy of Finland.[53][54] Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic – the Kalevala – in 1835, and the Finnish language's achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892.
The Finnish famine of 1866–1868 killed approximately 15% of the population, making it one of the worst famines in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations, and investment rose in following decades. Economic and political development was rapid.[55] The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.[55]
In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy. For example, the universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. Desire for independence gained ground, first among radical liberals[56] and socialists. The case is known as the "Russification of Finland", driven by the last tsar of Russian Empire, Nicholas II.[57]
Civil war and early independence
Main article: Independence of Finland
After the 1917 February Revolution, the position of Finland as part of the Russian Empire was questioned, mainly by Social Democrats. Since the head of state was the tsar of Russia, it was not clear who the chief executive of Finland was after the revolution. The Parliament, controlled by social democrats, passed the so-called Power Act to give the highest authority to the Parliament. This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government which decided to dissolve the Parliament.[58]
New elections were conducted, in which right-wing parties won with a slim majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament (and thus the ensuing elections) were extralegal. The two nearly equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties and the social democratic party, were highly antagonized.
The October Revolution in Russia changed the geopolitical situation once more. Suddenly, the right-wing parties in Finland started to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of highest executive power from the Russian government to Finland, as the Bolsheviks took power in Russia. Rather than acknowledge the authority of the Power Act of a few months earlier, the right-wing government, led by Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud, presented Declaration of Independence on 4 December 1917, which was officially approved two days later, on 6 December, by the Finnish Parliament. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin, recognized independence on 4 January 1918.[59]
On 27 January 1918, the official opening shots of the civil war were fired in two simultaneous events: on the one hand the government's beginning to disarm the Russian forces in Pohjanmaa, and on the other, a coup launched by the Social Democratic Party.Template:Failed verification The latter gained control of southern Finland and Helsinki, but the White government continued in exile from Vaasa. This sparked the brief but bitter civil war. The Whites, who were supported by Imperial Germany, prevailed over the Reds,[60] which were guided by Kullervo Manner's desire to make the newly independent country a Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (also known as "Red Finland") and part of the RSFSR.[61] After the war, tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps, where thousands were executed or died from malnutrition and disease. Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the Winter War and beyond. Even nowadays, the civil war remains a sensitive topic.[62][63] The civil war and the 1918–1920 activist expeditions called "Kinship Wars" into Soviet Russia strained Eastern relations. At that time, the idea of a Greater Finland also emerged for the first time.[64][65]
After a brief experimentation with monarchy, when an attempt to make Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse King of Finland proved to be a poor success, Finland became a presidential republic, with K. J. Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919. As a liberal nationalist and with a legal background, Ståhlberg anchored the state in liberal democracy, guarded the fragile shoot of the rule of law, and embarked on internal reforms.[66] Finland was also one of the first European countries to strongly aim for equality for women, with Miina Sillanpää serving in Väinö Tanner's cabinet as the first female minister in Finnish history in 1926–1927.[67] The Finnish–Russian border was defined in 1920 by the Treaty of Tartu, largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga (Template:Lang-fi) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland. Finnish democracy did not experience any Soviet coup attempts and likewise survived the anti-communist Lapua Movement. Nevertheless, the relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union remained tense. Army officers were trained in France, and relations with Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened.
In 1917, the population was three million. Credit-based land reform was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of the capital-owning population.[55] About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry.[68] The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany.
World War II and after
Main article: Finland during World War II
Finland fought the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940 after the Soviet Union attacked Finland and in the Continuation War of 1941–1944, following Operation Barbarossa, when Finland aligned with Germany following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. For 872 days, the German army, aided indirectly by Finnish forces, besieged Leningrad, the USSR's second-largest city.[69] After Finnish resistance to a major Soviet offensive in June and July 1944 led to a standstill, the two sides reached an armistice. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944–1945, when Finland fought retreating German forces in northern Finland. Perhaps the most famous war heroes during the aforementioned wars were Simo Häyhä,[70][71] Aarne Juutilainen,[72] and Lauri Törni.[73]
The treaties signed with the Soviet Union in 1947 and 1948 included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations, as well as further Finnish territorial concessions in addition to those in the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940. As a result of the two wars, Finland ceded the Petsamo, along with parts of Finnish Karelia and Salla. This amounted to 10% of Finland's land area and 20% of its industrial capacity, including the ports of Vyborg (Viipuri) and the ice-free Liinakhamari (Liinahamari). Almost the whole Finnish population, some 400,000 people, fled these areas. The former Finnish territory now constitutes part of Russia's Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast, and Murmansk Oblast. Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces and it retained its independence, but at a loss of about 97,000 soldiers. The war reparations demanded by the Soviet Union amounted to $300 million (Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year).
Finland rejected Marshall aid, in apparent deference to Soviet desires. However, in the hope of preserving Finland's independence, the United States provided secret development aid and helped the Social Democratic Party.[74] Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and paying reparations to the Soviet Union produced a transformation of Finland from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialised one. Valmet was founded to create materials for war reparations. After the reparations had been paid off, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade.
In 1950, 46% of Finnish workers worked in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas.[75] The new jobs in manufacturing, services, and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973.[75] When baby-boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs quickly enough, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970.[75] The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors. Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet bloc. The YYA Treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. This was extensively exploited by president Urho Kekkonen against his opponents. He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on, which was crucial for his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency to avoid any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was given the name "Finlandization" by the West German press. During the Cold War, Finland also developed into one of the centers of the East-West espionage, in which both the KGB and the CIA played their parts.[76][77][78][79][80][81] The 1949 established Finnish Security Intelligence Service (SUPO, Suojelupoliisi), an operational security authority and a police unit under the Interior Ministry, whose core areas of activity are counter-Intelligence, counter-terrorism and national security,[82] also participated in this activity in some places.[83][84]
Despite close relations with the Soviet Union, Finland maintained a market economy. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets, which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland. Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th-highest in the world. In the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world. Finland negotiated with the European Economic Community (EEC, a predecessor of the European Union) a treaty that mostly abolished customs duties towards the EEC starting from 1977, although Finland did not fully join. In 1981, President Urho Kekkonen's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years.
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Finland reacted cautiously to the collapse of the Soviet Union, but swiftly began increasing integration with the West. On 21 September 1990, Finland unilaterally declared the Paris Peace Treaty obsolete, following the German reunification decision nine days earlier.[85]
Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of its largest trading partner (the Soviet Union), and a global economic downturn caused a deep early 1990s recession in Finland. The depression bottomed out in 1993, and Finland saw steady economic growth for more than ten years.[86] Like other Nordic countries, Finland decentralised its economy since the late 1980s. Financial and product market regulation were loosened. Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts.[it just is, ok?] Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999. Much of the late 1990s economic growth was fueled by the success of the mobile phone manufacturer Nokia, which held a unique position of representing 80% of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Finland
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Lying approximately between latitudes 60° and 70° N, and longitudes 20° and 32° E, Finland is one of the world's northernmost countries. Of world capitals, only Reykjavík lies more to the north than Helsinki. The distance from the southernmost point – Hanko in Uusimaa – to the northernmost – Nuorgam in Lapland – is Template:Convert.
Finland has about 168,000 lakes (of area larger than Template:Convert) and 179,000 islands.[87] Its largest lake, Saimaa, is the fourth largest in Europe. The Finnish Lakeland is the area with the most lakes in the country; many of the major cities in the area, most notably Tampere, Jyväskylä and Kuopio, are located in the immediate vicinity of the large lakes. The greatest concentration of islands is found in the southwest, in the Archipelago Sea between continental Finland and the main island of Åland.
Much of the geography of Finland is a result of the Ice Age. The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in Fennoscandia compared with the rest of Europe. Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains. Its highest point, the Halti at Template:Convert, is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is Ridnitšohkka at Template:Convert, directly adjacent to Halti.
The retreating glaciers have left the land with morainic deposits in formations of eskers. These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand, running northwest to southeast, where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay. Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselkä ridges that run across southern Finland.
Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound. The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia, where land steadily rises about Template:Convert a year. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about Template:Convert annually.[88] Relatively speaking, Finland is rising from the sea.[89]
The landscape is covered mostly by coniferous taiga forests and fens, with little cultivated land. Of the total area 10% is lakes, rivers and ponds, and 78% forest. The forest consists of pine, spruce, birch, and other species.[90] Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world. The most common type of rock is granite. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or till is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin. Podzol profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor. Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas.
Biodiversity
Main article: Fauna of Finland
Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European, and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests, and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.[91] Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common. Finland had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.[92]
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over 70 fish species, and 11 reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago. Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear, gray wolf, wolverine, and elk. The brown bear, which is also nicknamed as the "king of the forest" by the Finns, is the country's official national animal,[93] which also occur on the coat of arms of the Satakunta region is a crown-headed black bear carrying a sword,[94] possibly referring to the regional capital city of Pori, whose Swedish name Björneborg and the Latin name Arctopolis literally means "bear city" or "bear fortress".[95] Three of the more striking birds are the whooper swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Western capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the Eurasian eagle-owl. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.[96] The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler, common chaffinch, and redwing.[97] Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch, and others are plentiful. Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa ringed seal (Pusa hispida saimensis), one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 390 seals today.[98] Ever since the species was protected in 1955,[99] it has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.[100] The Saimaa ringed seal lives nowadays mainly in two Finnish national parks, Kolovesi and Linnansaari,[101] but strays have been seen in a much larger area, including near Savonlinna's town centre.
Climate
Main article: Climate of Finland
The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone. In the Köppen climate classification, the whole of Finland lies in the boreal zone, characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. Within the country, the temperateness varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same latitude, such as Alaska, Siberia, and southern Greenland.[102]
Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below Template:Convert) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April, and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki, snow often covers the land from late December to late March.[103] Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to Template:Convert although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below Template:Convert are rare. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above Template:Convert) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over Template:Convert.[102] Although most of Finland lies on the taiga belt, the southernmost coastal regions are sometimes classified as hemiboreal.[104]
In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, while the summers are relatively warm but short. The most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall down to Template:Convert. The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months, but can still see maximum daily temperatures above Template:Convert during heat waves.[102] No part of Finland has Arctic tundra, but Alpine tundra can be found at the fells Lapland.[104]
The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry.[105]
A quarter of Finland's territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.[102]
Regions
Main article: Regions of Finland
Finland consists of 19 regions, called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish. The regions are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of a region. The main tasks of the regions are regional planning and development of enterprise and education. In addition, the public health services are usually organized on the basis of regions. Currently, the only region where a popular election is held for the council is Kainuu. Other regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population.
In addition to inter-municipal cooperation, which is the responsibility of regional councils, each region has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and entrepreneurial affairs. The Finnish Defence Forces regional offices are responsible for the regional defence preparations and for the administration of conscription within the region.
Regions represent dialectal, cultural, and economic variations better than the former provinces, which were purely administrative divisions of the central government. Historically, regions are divisions of historical provinces of Finland, areas which represent dialects and culture more accurately.
Six Regional State Administrative Agencies were created by the state of Finland in 2010, each of them responsible for one of the regions called alue in Finnish and region in Swedish; in addition, Åland was designated a seventh region. These take over some of the tasks of the earlier Provinces of Finland (lääni/län), which were abolished.[106]
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The region of Eastern Uusimaa (Itä-Uusimaa) was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011.[109]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Finland
The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. Template:As of, there are 309 municipalities,[110] and most have fewer than 6,000 residents.
In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen regions. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami native region in Lapland for issues on language and culture.
In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. The land area is given in km2, and the density in inhabitants per km2 (land area). The figures are as of Error: Invalid time.. The capital region – comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen – forms a continuous conurbation of over 1.1 million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Finland
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Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2Template:Legend2
Constitution
The Constitution of Finland defines the political system; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy. The Prime Minister is the country's most powerful person. The current version of the constitution was enacted on 1 March 2000, and was amended on 1 March 2012. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, presidential and European Union elections.
President
Main article: President of Finland
The head of state of Finland is President of the Republic of Finland (in Finnish: Suomen tasavallan presidentti; in Swedish: Republiken Finlands president). Finland has had for most of its independence a semi-presidential system, but in the last few decades the powers of the President have been diminished. Constitutional amendments, which came into effect in 1991 and 1992, as well as a new drafted constitution of 2000 (amended in 2012), have made the presidency a primarily ceremonial office. However, the President still leads the nation's foreign politics together with the Council of State and is the commander-in-chief of the Defence Forces.[111] The position still does entail some powers, including responsibility for foreign policy (excluding affairs related to the European Union) in cooperation with the cabinet, being the head of the armed forces, some decree and pardoning powers, and some appointive powers. Direct, one- or two-stage elections are used to elect the president for a term of six years and for a maximum of two consecutive 6-year terms. The current president is Sauli Niinistö; he took office on 1 March 2012. Former presidents were K. J. Ståhlberg (1919–1925), L. K. Relander (1925–1931), P. E. Svinhufvud (1931–1937), Kyösti Kallio (1937–1940), Risto Ryti (1940–1944), C. G. E. Mannerheim (1944–1946), J. K. Paasikivi (1946–1956), Urho Kekkonen (1956–1982), Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994), Martti Ahtisaari (1994–2000), and Tarja Halonen (2000–2012).
The current president was elected from the ranks of the National Coalition Party for the first time since 1946. The presidency between 1946 and the present was instead held by a member of the Social Democratic Party or the Centre Party.
Parliament
Main article: Parliament of Finland
The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland (Template:Lang-fi, Template:Lang-sv) exercises supreme legislative authority in the country. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies through the most open list multi-member districts. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation.
Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), the National Coalition Party, and the Social Democrats. These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support, and their combined vote has totalled about 65–80% of all votes. Their lowest common total of MPs, 121, was reached in the 2011 elections. For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong fourth party. Due to the electoral system of proportional representation, and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties, the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another. However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberals and their predecessors from 1906 to 1980; and the rise of the Green League since 1983.
The Marin Cabinet is the incumbent 76th government of Finland. It was formed following the collapse of the Rinne Cabinet and officially took office on 10 December 2019.[112][113] The cabinet consists of a coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party, the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance, and the Swedish People's Party.[114]
Cabinet
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The cabinet exercises most executive powers, and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, of other ministers, and of the Chancellor of Justice. The current prime minister is Sanna Marin (Social Democratic Party). Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is the minister of finance. The incumbent Minister of Finance is Matti Vanhanen.
As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest.
Law
Main article: Law of Finland
The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (käräjäoikeus, tingsrätt), regional appellate courts (hovioikeus, hovrätt), and the Supreme Court (korkein oikeus, högsta domstolen). The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts (hallinto-oikeus, förvaltningsdomstol) and the Supreme Administrative Court (korkein hallinto-oikeus, högsta förvaltningsdomstolen). In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high-ranking officeholders.
Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions.[116] The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the high homicide rate for Western Europe.[117] A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding.
Finland has successfully fought against government corruption, which was more common in the 1970s and 1980s.[118]Template:Verify source For instance, economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished.[118] Today, Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe.
In 2008, Transparency International criticized the lack of transparency of the system of Finnish political finance.[119] According to GRECO in 2007, corruption should be taken into account in the Finnish system of election funds better.[120] A scandal revolving around campaign finance of the 2007 parliamentary elections broke out in spring 2008. Nine cabinet ministers submitted incomplete funding reports and even more of the members of parliament. The law includes no punishment of false funds reports of the elected politicians.
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Finland
According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently Sauli Niinistö) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.[121]
In 2008, president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[122] Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[123] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defence.[123]
Military
Main article: Finnish Defence Forces
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The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service. Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO, and EU missions. Approximately 500 women choose voluntary military service every year.[124] Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms including front-line infantry and special forces. The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs the use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor, instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier.
Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union.[125] The Finnish military doctrine is based on the concept of total defence. The term total means that all sectors of the government and economy are involved in the defence planning. The armed forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence (currently General Jarmo Lindberg), who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command. The branches of the military are the army, the navy, and the air force. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.
Even while Finland hasn't joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the country has joined the NATO Response Force, the EU Battlegroup,[126] the NATO Partnership for Peace and in 2014 signed a NATO memorandum of understanding,[127][128] thus forming a practical coalition.[7] In 2015, the Finland-NATO ties were strengthened with a host nation support agreement allowing assistance from NATO troops in emergency situations.[129] Finland has been an active participant in the Afghanistan and Kosovo.[130][131]
Social security
Main article: Social security in Finland
Finland has one of the world's most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents: Finns, and non-citizens. Since the 1980s the social security has been cut back, but still the system is one of the most comprehensive in the world. Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II, the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well-being of its citizens, but could intervene benevolently on their behalf. According to some social historians, the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of a free and independent peasantry in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right wing. Finland's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries, but not harsh enough to bar the country from following their path of social development.[132]
Human rights
Main article: Human rights in Finland
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§ 6 in two sentences of the Finnish Constitution states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason."[133]
Finland has been ranked above average among the world's countries in democracy,[134] press freedom,[135] and human development.[136]
Amnesty International has expressed concern regarding some issues in Finland, such as alleged permitting of stopovers of CIA rendition flights, the imprisonment of conscientious objectors, and societal discrimination against Romani people and members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities.[137][138]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Finland
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The economy of Finland has a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as those of France, Germany, Belgium, or the UK. The largest sector of the economy is the service sector at 66% of GDP, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31%. Primary production represents 2.9%.[139] With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries in 2007[140] were electronics (22%); machinery, vehicles, and other engineered metal products (21.1%); forest industry (13%); and chemicals (11%). The gross domestic product peaked in 2008. Template:As of, the country's economy is at the 2006 level.[141][142]
Finland has significant timber, mineral (iron, chromium, copper, nickel, and gold), and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector (on which taxpayers spendTemplate:Clarify around €3 billion annually) are important for rural residents so any policy changes affecting these sectors are politically sensitive for politicians dependent on rural votes. The Greater Helsinki area generates around one third of Finland's GDP. In a 2004 OECD comparison, high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland. Knowledge-intensive services have also resulted in the smallest and slow-growth sectors – especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing – being ranked the second largest after Ireland.[143]
Finland's climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge. The country lies between the latitudes 60°N and 70°N, and it has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frost. However, because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate, Finland contains half of the world's arable land north of 60° north latitude. Annual precipitation is usually sufficient, but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months, making summer droughts a constant threat. In response to the climate, farmers have relied on quick-ripening and frost-resistant varieties of crops, and they have cultivated south-facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts. Most farmland was originally either forest or swamp, and the soil has usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize excess acid and to improve fertility. Irrigation has generally not been necessary, but drainage systems are often needed to remove excess water. Finland's agriculture has been efficient and productive—at least when compared with farming in other European countries.[132]
Forests play a key role in the country's economy, making it one of the world's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood-processing industries. As in agriculture, the government has long played a leading role in forestry, regulating tree cutting, sponsoring technical improvements, and establishing long-term plans to ensure that the country's forests continue to supply the wood-processing industries. To maintain the country's comparative advantage in forest products, Finnish authorities moved to raise lumber output toward the country's ecological limits. In 1984, the government published the Forest 2000 plan, drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The plan aimed at increasing forest harvests by about 3% per year, while conserving forestland for recreation and other uses.[132]
Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million, out of which around a third with tertiary education. The average cost of a private sector employee per hour was €25.10 in 2004.[144] Template:As of, average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy, Sweden, Germany, and France.[145] In 2006, 62% of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49% of total business turnover and had the strongest rate of growth.[146] The female employment rate is high. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US.[147] The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999.[147] In 2013, the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were Itella, Nokia, OP-Pohjola, ISS, VR, Kesko, UPM-Kymmene, YIT, Metso, and Nordea.[148]
The unemployment rate was 9.4% in 2015, having risen from 8.7% in 2014.[149] Youth unemployment rate rose from 16.5% in 2007 to 20.5% in 2014.[150] A fifth of residents are outside the job market at the age of 50 and less than a third are working at the age of 61.[151] In 2014, nearly one million people were living with minimal wages or unemployed not enough to cover their costs of living.[152]
Template:As of, 2.4 million households reside in Finland. The average size is 2.1 persons; 40% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 28% three or more persons. Residential buildings total 1.2 million, and the average residential space is Template:Convert per person. The average residential property without land costs €1,187 per sq metre and residential land €8.60 per sq metre. 74% of households had a car. There are 2.5 million cars and 0.4 million other vehicles.[156]
Around 92% have a mobile phone and 83.5% (2009) Internet connection at home. The average total household consumption was €20,000, out of which housing consisted of about €5,500, transport about €3,000, food and beverages (excluding alcoholic beverages) at around €2,500, and recreation and culture at around €2,000.[157] According to Invest in Finland, private consumption grew by 3% in 2006 and consumer trends included durables, high-quality products, and spending on well-being.[158]
In 2017, Finland's GDP reached €224 billion. However, second quarter of 2018 saw a slow economic growth. Unemployment rate fell to a near one-decade low in June, marking private consumption growth much higher.[159]
Finland has the highest concentration of cooperatives relative to its population.[160] The largest retailer, which is also the largest private employer, S-Group, and the largest bank, OP-Group, in the country are both cooperatives.
Energy
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The free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges, have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries. Template:As of, Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU-15 (equal to France).[162]
In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter. This means that the energy consumption per capita is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries.[163][164] Finland's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood. About 10–15% of the electricity is produced by hydropower,[165] which is low compared with more mountainous Sweden or Norway. In 2008, renewable energy (mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) was high at 31% compared with the EU average of 10.3% in final energy consumption.[166] Russia supplies more than 75% of Finland's oil imports and 100% of total gas imports.[167][168]
Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18% of the country's energy[170] and one research reactor (decommissioned 2018 [171]) at the Otaniemi campus. The fifth AREVA-Siemens-built reactor – the world's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe's nuclear industry – has faced many delays and is currently scheduled to be operational by 2018–2020, a decade after the original planned opening.[172] A varying amount (5–17%) of electricity has been imported from Russia (at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity), Sweden and Norway.
The Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository is currently under construction at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in the municipality of Eurajoki, on the west coast of Finland, by the company Posiva.[173] Energy companies are about to increase nuclear power production, as in July 2010 the Finnish parliament granted permits for additional two new reactors.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Finland
Finland's road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual state operated road network expenditure of around €1 billion is paid for with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around €1.5 billion and €1 billion, respectively. Among the Finnish highways, the most significant and busiest main roads include the Turku Highway (E18), the Tampere Highway (E12), the Lahti Highway (E75), and the ring roads (Ring I and Ring III) of the Helsinki metropolitan area and the Tampere Ring Road of the Tampere urban area.[174]
The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki Airport, which handled about 17 million passengers in 2016. Oulu Airport is the second largest, whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services.[175] The Helsinki Airport-based Finnair, Blue1, and Nordic Regional Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle (i.e. the shortest and most efficient) routes between Western Europe and the Far East.
Despite having a low population density, the Government annually spends around €350 million to maintain the Template:Convert network of railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by the state owned VR Group, which has a 5% passenger market share (out of which 80% are from urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25% cargo market share.[176] Since 12 December 2010, Karelian Trains, a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR Group, has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's Finlyandsky and Helsinki's Central railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. The journey from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg takes only three and a half hours. A high-speed rail line is planned between Helsinki and Turku, with a line from the capital to Tampere also proposed.[177] Helsinki opened the world's northernmost metro system in 1982, which also serves the neighbouring city of Espoo since 2017.
The majority of international cargo shipments are handled at ports. Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port in Finland; others include Kotka, Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, and Oulu. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Stockholm and Travemünde. The Helsinki-Tallinn route – one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world – has also been served by a helicopter line, and the Helsinki-Tallinn Tunnel has been proposed to provide railway services between the two cities.[178] Largely following the example of the Øresund Bridge between Sweden and Denmark, the Kvarken Bridge connecting Umeå in Sweden and Vaasa in Finland to cross the Gulf of Bothnia has also been planned for decades.[179]
Industry
Main article: Economy of Finland
Finland rapidly industrialized after World War II, achieving GDP per capita levels comparable to that of Japan or the UK in the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, most of the economic development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus). The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the automotive industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals and alloys including steel, copper and chromium. Many of the world's biggest cruise ships, including MS Freedom of the Seas and the Oasis of the Seas have been built in Finnish shipyards.[180] [181] The "forest industry" includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is often considered a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources, as 73% of the area is covered by forest. In the pulp and paper industry, many major companies are based in Finland; Ahlstrom-Munksjö, Metsä Board, and UPM are all Finnish forest-based companies with revenues exceeding €1 billion. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics (Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), petroleum (Neste), and video games (Rovio Entertainment), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing, with manufacturing declining in importance; agriculture remains a minor part. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland possibly more vulnerable to global economic trends.
In 2017, the Finnish economy was estimated to consist of approximately 2.7% agriculture, 28.2% manufacturing and 69.1% services.[182] In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $48,869. In 2020, Finland was ranked 20th on the ease of doing business index, among 190 jurisdictions.
Public policy
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Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model.[183] Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.[183]
Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas.Template:Clarify Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and 9th in Europe.[184] While the manufacturing sector is thriving, the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.[185]
The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive.[186] The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.[187] In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries. In the Business competitiveness index 2007–2008 Finland ranked third in the world.
Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark). Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.[183] The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.[184] Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.[184] Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index[188] and 13th in the Ease of doing business index. This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading (5th), contract enforcement (7th), business closure (5th), tax payment (83rd), and low worker hardship (127th).[189]
Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA—80%). A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception.[143][183]
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Finland
In 2017, tourism in Finland grossed approximately €15.0 billion with a 7% increase from the previous year. Of this, €4.6 billion (30%) came from foreign tourism.[194] In 2017, there were 15.2 million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7 million overnight stays of foreign tourists.[195] Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness. While Russia remains the largest market for foreign tourists, the biggest growth came from Chinese markets (35%).[195] Tourism contributes roughly 2.7% to Finland's GDP, making it comparable to agriculture and forestry.[196]
Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Mariehamn, Tallinn, Stockholm, and Travemünde, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. There are also separate ferry connections dedicated to tourism in the vicinity of Helsinki and its region, such as the connection to the fortress island of Suomenlinna[197] or the connection to the old town of Porvoo.[198] By passenger counts, the Port of Helsinki is the busiest port in the world after the Port of Dover in the United Kingdom and the Port of Tallinn in Estonia.[199] The Helsinki-Vantaa International Airport is the fourth busiest airport in the Nordic countries in terms of passenger numbers,[200] and about 90% of Finland's international air traffic passes through the airport.[201]
Lapland has the highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region.[196] Above the Arctic Circle, in midwinter, there is a polar night, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, midnight sun in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight (for up to 73 consecutive days, at the northernmost point). Lapland is so far north that the aurora borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, with several theme parks, such as Santa Claus Village and Santa Park in Rovaniemi.[202] Other significant tourist destinations in Lapland also include ski resorts (such as Ylläs, Levi and Ruka)[203] and sleigh rides led by either reindeer or huskies.[204][205]
Tourist attractions in Finland include the natural landscape found throughout the country as well as urban attractions. Finland is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills, and lakes. Finland contains 40 national parks (such as the Koli National Park in North Karelia), from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, and kayaking, among many others. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of avifauna, however hunting is also popular. Elk and hare are common game in Finland.
Finland also has urbanised regions with many cultural events and activities. The most famous tourist attractions in Helsinki include the Helsinki Cathedral and the Suomenlinna sea fortress. The most well-known Finnish amusement parks include Linnanmäki in Helsinki, Särkänniemi in Tampere, PowerPark in Kauhava, Tykkimäki in Kouvola and Nokkakivi in Laukaa.[206] St. Olaf's Castle (Olavinlinna) in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival,[207] and the medieval milieus of the cities of Turku, Rauma and Porvoo also attract curious spectators.[208]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Finland
The population of Finland is currently about 5.5 million. The current birth rate is 10.42 per 1,000 residents, for a fertility rate of 1.49 children born per woman,[209] one of the lowest in the world, significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman.[210] Finland has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 42.6 years.[211] Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old.[212][75][213][214] Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and Iceland, and the lowest population density of any European Union member country. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanisation. Two of the three largest cities in Finland are situated in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area—Helsinki and Espoo, and some municipalities in the metropolitan area have also shown clear growth of population year after year, the most notable being Järvenpää, Nurmijärvi, Kirkkonummi, Kerava and Sipoo.[215] In the largest cities of Finland, Tampere holds the third place after Helsinki and Espoo while also Helsinki-neighbouring Vantaa is the fourth. Other cities with population over 100,000 are Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio, and Lahti. On the other hand, Sottunga of the Åland Islands is the smallest municipality in Finland in terms of population (Luhanka in mainland Finland),[216] and Savukoski of Lapland is sparsely populated in terms of population density.[217]
Template:As of, there were 423,494 people with a foreign background living in Finland (7.7% of the population), most of whom are from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq and former Yugoslavia.[218][219] The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship, as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain jus sanguinis policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.[220] Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union, retain the right of return, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship.[221] 387,215 people in Finland in 2018 were born in another country, representing 7% of the population. The 10 largest foreign born groups are (in order) from Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, Somalia, China, Thailand, Serbia, Vietnam and Turkey.[222]
Finland's immigrant population is growing. By 2035, the three largest cites in Finland are projected to have over a quarter of residents of a foreign-speaking background: in Helsinki, they are projected to form 26% of the population; in Espoo, 30%; and in Vantaa, 34%. The Helsinki region is projected to have 437,000 people of a foreign linguistic background, compared to 201,000 in 2019.[223]
Language
Main article: Finnish language
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Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south (such as Raseborg,[224] Pargas,[225] Närpes,[225] Kristinestad,[226] Jakobstad[227] and Nykarleby.[228]) and in the autonomous region of Åland, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland.[229] The native language of 87.3% of the population is Finnish,[230][231] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin, and has no relation to the other national languages of the Nordics. Conversely, Finnish is closely related to Estonian and Karelian, and more distantly to Hungarian and the Sami languages.
Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).[232] Finnish is dominant in all the country's larger cities; though Helsinki, Turku and Vaasa were once predominantly Swedish-speaking, they have undergone a language shift since the 19th century to become largely Finnish-speaking.
Swedish is a compulsory school subject and general knowledge of the language is good among non-native speakers. In 2005, a total of 47% of Finnish citizens reported the ability to speak Swedish, either as primary or a secondary language.[233] Likewise, a majority of mainland Sweden Finns are able to speak Finnish. However, most Sweden Finnish youth reported seldom using Finnish: 71% reported always or mostly speaking Swedish in social settings outside of their households.[234] The Finnish side of the land border with Sweden is unilingually Finnish-speaking, with a stark language divide over the Torne River: on the Swedish side, a Northern Swedish accent can be heard that is distinct from the Swedish spoken in other parts of Finland. There is a sizeable pronunciation difference between the varieties of Swedish spoken in the two countries, although their mutual intelligibility is nearly universal.[235]
The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially recognized in parts of Finland.
Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people; Romani and Finnish Sign Language are also recognized in the constitution. There are two sign languages: Finnish Sign Language, spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people,[236] and Finland-Swedish Sign Language, spoken natively by about 150 people. Tatar is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people whose ancestors moved to Finland mainly during Russian rule from the 1870s to the 1920s.[237]
The Sami language has an official status in Lapland where the Sami people predominate, numbering around 7,000[238] and recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.[239] The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami.Template:Refn
The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution.[240]
The largest immigrant languages are Russian (1.5%), Estonian (0.9%), Arabic (0.6%), Somali (0.4%) and English (0.4%).[232] English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the first grade (at seven years of age) in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead),[241][242] as a result of which Finns' English language skills have been significantly strengthened over several decades.[243][244] German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options).[245]
About 93% of Finns can speak a second language.[246] The figures in this section should be treated with caution, as they come from the official Finnish population register. People can only register one language and so bilingual or multilingual language users' language competencies are not properly included. A citizen of Finland that speaks bilingually Finnish and Swedish will often be registered as a Finnish only speaker in this system. Similarly "old domestic language" is a category applied to some languages and not others for political not linguistic reasons, for example Russian.[247]
Largest cities
Template:Largest cities of Finland
Religion
Main article: Religion in Finland
With 3.9 million members,[248] the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world and is also by far Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2019, 68.7% of Finns were members of the church.[249] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years.[249] The decline has been due to both church membership resignations and falling baptism rates.[250][251] The second largest group, accounting for 26.3% of the population[249] in 2017, has no religious affiliation. The irreligious group rose quickly from just below 13% in the year 2000. A small minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church are significantly smaller, as are the Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totalling 1.6%); for example, in the Protestant trend, there are about 1,500 Baptists concentrated in the region of Central Finland,[252] and there are only about 2,000 Methodists who are scattered around the country.[253] The Pew Research Center estimated the Muslim population at 2.7% in 2016.[254] The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.[255]
In 1869, Finland was the first Nordic country to disestablish its Evangelical Lutheran church by introducing the Church Act, followed by the Church of Sweden in 2000. Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state, it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament.[256] Finland's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 1809–1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and a state church separate from Sweden, later named the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, was established. It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution.
In 2016, 69.3% of Finnish children were baptized[257] and 82.3% were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15,[258] and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8% of its members attend church services weekly.[259] The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.[260]
According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that they "believe there is a God"; 42% answered that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 22% that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[261] According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves "highly religious", and 31% "moderately religious". In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as "agnostic" and 29% as "non-religious".[262]
Health
Main article: Healthcare in Finland
Life expectancy has increased from 71 years for men and 79 years for women in 1990 to 79 years for men and 84 years for women in 2017.[263] The under-five mortality rate has decreased from 51 per 1,000 live births in 1950 to 2.3 per 1,000 live births in 2017, ranking Finland's rate among the lowest in the world.[264] The fertility rate in 2014 stood at 1.71 children born/per woman and has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 since 1969.[265] With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014.[265] A 2011 study published in The Lancet medical journal found that Finland had the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries, including the UK, France and New Zealand.[266]
There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century. Lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise. More than half a million Finns suffer from diabetes, type 1 diabetes being globally the most common in Finland. Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The number of musculoskeletal diseases and cancers are increasing, although the cancer prognosis has improved. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular depression.[267] Treatment for depression has improved and as a result the historically high suicide rates have declined to 13 per 100 000 in 2017, closer to the North European average.[268] Suicide rates are still among the highest among developed countries in the OECD.[269]
There are 307 residents for each doctor.[270] About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation.
In April 2012, Finland was ranked 2nd in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.[271] Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual World Happiness Report by the United Nations,[272][273][274] as well as ranking as the happiest country in 2018.[275]
Education and science
Main article: Education in Finland
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Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at municipal level. Even though many or most schools were started as private schools, today only around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools (mostly specialist language and international schools), much less than in Sweden and most other developed countries.[277] Pre-school education is rare compared with other EU countries and formal education is usually started at the age of 7. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years. Most schools are managed by municipal officials.
The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16. After lower secondary school, graduates may either enter the workforce directly, or apply to trade schools or gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). Trade schools offer a vocational education: approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school.[278] Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education.
In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country.[279][280] The University of Helsinki is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.[281] The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education No. 1 in the world.[282] Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan (37%).[283] The proportion of foreign students is 3% of all tertiary enrollments, one of the lowest in OECD, while in advanced programs it is 7.3%, still below OECD average 16.5%.[284] Other reputable universities of Finland include Aalto University in Espoo, both University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University in Turku, University of Jyväskylä, University of Oulu, LUT University in Lappeenranta and Lahti, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and Joensuu, and Tampere University.[285]
More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.[286]
Finland has a long tradition of adult education, and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year. Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons. Adult education appeared in a number of forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and folk high schools. Study centres allowed groups to follow study plans of their own making, with educational and financial assistance provided by the state. Folk high schools are a distinctly Nordic institution. Originating in Denmark in the 19th century, folk high schools became common throughout the region. Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics.[132]
Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries.[287] In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.[288]
In addition, 38 percent of Finland's population has a university or college degree, which is among the highest percentages in the world.[289][290]
In 2010 a new law was enacted considering the universities, which defined that there are 16 of them as they were excluded from the public sector to be autonomous legal and financial entities, however enjoying special status in the legislation.[291] As result many former state institutions were driven to collect funding from private sector contributions and partnerships. The change caused deep rooted discussions among the academic circles.[292]
English language is important in Finnish education. There are a number of degree programs that are taught in English, which attracts thousands of degree and exchange students every year.
In December 2017 the OECD reported that Finnish fathers spend an average of eight minutes a day more with their school-aged children than mothers do.[293][294]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Finland
Sauna
Main article: Finnish sauna
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The Finns' love for saunas is generally associated with Finnish cultural tradition in the world. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland, which is especially evident in the strong tradition around Midsummer and Christmas. In Finland, the sauna has been a traditional cure or part of the treatment for many different diseases, thanks to the heat, which why the sauna has been a very hygienic place. There is an old Finnish saying: "Jos sauna, terva ja viina ei auta, on tauti kuolemaksi." ("If sauna, tar and booze doesn't help you, then a disease is deadly").[295] The word is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sámi languages) dating back 7,000 years.[296] Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, the Baltic States, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multistory apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Public saunas were previously common, but the tradition has declined when saunas have been built nearly everywhere (private homes, municipal swimming halls, hotels, corporate headquarters, gyms, etc.). At one time, the World Sauna Championships were held in Heinola, Finland, but the death of a Russian competitor in 2010 finally stopped organizing the competitions as too dangerous.[297]
The Finnish sauna culture was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists at the 17 December 2020 meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. As authorized by the state, the Finnish Heritage Agency commits, together with Finnish sauna communities and promoters of the sauna culture, to safeguard the vitality of the sauna tradition and to highlight its importance as part of customs and wellbeing.[298][299]
Literature
Main article: Finnish literature
Written Finnish could be said to have existed since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish during the Protestant Reformation, but few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century and the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi (The Seven Brothers), Minna Canth (Anna Liisa), Eino Leino (Template:Ill), Johannes Linnankoski (The Song of the Blood-Red Flower) and Juhani Aho (The Railroad and Juha). Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet J. L. Runeberg (The Tales of Ensign Stål) and Zachris Topelius (The Tomten in Åbo Castle).
After Finland became independent, there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously the Finnish-speaking Mika Waltari and Swedish-speaking Edith Södergran. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939. World War II prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna with his The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy. Besides Lönnrot's Kalevala and Waltari, the Swedish-speaking Tove Jansson, best known as the creator of The Moomins, is the most translated Finnish writer;[300] her books have been translated into more than 40 languages.[301] Popular modern writers include Arto Paasilinna, Veikko Huovinen, Antti Tuuri, Ilkka Remes, Kari Hotakainen, Sofi Oksanen, Tuomas Kyrö, and Jari Tervo, while the best novel is annually awarded the prestigious Finlandia Prize.
Visual arts, design, and architecture
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The visual arts in Finland started to form their individual characteristics in the 19th century, when Romantic nationalism was rising in autonomic Finland. The best known of Finnish painters, Akseli Gallen-Kallela, started painting in a naturalist style, but moved to national romanticism. Other notable world-famous Finnish painters include Magnus Enckell, Pekka Halonen, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Hugo Simberg. Finland's best-known sculptor of the 20th century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design: among the internationally renowned figures are Timo Sarpaneva, Tapio Wirkkala and Ilmari Tapiovaara. Finnish architecture is famous around the world, and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as Jugendstil (or Art Nouveau), Nordic Classicism and Functionalism. Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen. Architect Alvar Aalto is regarded as among the most important 20th-century designers in the world;[302] he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an organic style.[303] Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture, lamps, textiles and glassware, which were usually incorporated into his buildings.
Music
Main article: Music of Finland
- Classical
Much of Finland's classical music is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs, less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music.
The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik. The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.
The first Finnish opera was written by the German-born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation. Another one of the most significant and internationally best-known Finnish-born classical composers long before Sibelius was Bernhard Crusell.[304]
- Modern
Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning "hit") is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song.[305] Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular.[306] The light music in Swedish-speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock bands, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, dance music acts, etc.[307]Template:Additional citation needed Also, at least a couple of Finnish polkas are known worldwide, such as Säkkijärven polkka[308] and Ievan polkka.[309]
During the early 1960s, the first significant wave of Finnish rock groups emerged, playing instrumental rock inspired by groups such as The Shadows. Around 1964, Beatlemania arrived in Finland, resulting in further development of the local rock scene. During the late 1960s and '70s, Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade, some progressive rock groups such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that inspired the American hard rock group Guns N' Roses, among others.[310]
Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition; Finland has been often called the "Promised Land of Heavy Metal", because there are more than 50 metal Bands for every 100,000 inhabitants – more than any other nation in the world.[311][312]
Cinema and television
Main article: Cinema of Finland
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In the film industry, notable directors include brothers Mika and Aki Kaurismäki, Dome Karukoski, Antti Jokinen, Jalmari Helander, Mauritz Stiller, Edvin Laine, Teuvo Tulio, Spede Pasanen, and Hollywood film director and producer Renny Harlin. Internationally well-known Finnish actors and actresses include Jasper Pääkkönen, Peter Franzén, Laura Birn, Irina Björklund, Samuli Edelmann, Krista Kosonen, Ville Virtanen and Joonas Suotamo. Around twelve feature films are made each year.[313]
One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are The White Reindeer, directed by Erik Blomberg in 1952, which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1956, five years after its limited release in the United States;[314][315] The Man Without a Past, directed by Aki Kaurismäki in 2002, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival;[316] and The Fencer, directed by Klaus Härö in 2015, which was nominated for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production.[317]
In Finland, the most significant films include The Unknown Soldier, directed by Edvin Laine in 1955, which is shown on television every Independence Day.[318] Here, Beneath the North Star from 1968, also directed by Laine, which includes the Finnish Civil War from the perspective of the Red Guards, is also one of the most significant works in Finnish history.[319] A 1960 crime comedy film Inspector Palmu's Mistake, directed by Matti Kassila, was voted in 2012 the best Finnish film of all time by Finnish film critics and journalists in a poll organized by Yle Uutiset,[320] but the 1984 comedy film Uuno Turhapuro in the Army, the ninth film in the Uuno Turhapuro film series, remains Finland's most seen domestic film made since 1968 by Finnish audience.[321]
Although Finland's television offerings are largely known for their domestic dramas, such as the long-running soap opera series Salatut elämät,[322][323] there are also internationally known drama series, such as Template:Ill and Bordertown.[324] One of Finland's most internationally successful TV shows are the backpacking travel documentary series Madventures and the reality TV show The Dudesons.
Media and communications
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Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world.[325]
Today, there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, three digital radio channels and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels.
Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold.[313]
Sanoma publishes the newspapers Helsingin Sanomat (its circulation of 412,000[326] making it the largest) and Aamulehti, the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat and the television channel Nelonen. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including the tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers.[327]
Yle, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. Yle is funded through a mandatory television license and fees for private broadcasters. All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus).
In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Finland ranked 1st overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from the year before.[328] This is shown in its penetration throughout the country's population. Around 79% of the population use the Internet (2007).[329] Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants.[330] All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers and most residents have a mobile phone.[331]
Cuisine
Main article: Finnish cuisine
Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary style cooking. Fish and meat play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes from the western part of the country, while the dishes from the eastern part have traditionally included various vegetables and mushrooms. Refugees from Karelia contributed to foods in eastern Finland. Many regions have strongly branded traditional delicacies, such as Tampere has mustamakkara[332] and Kuopio has kalakukko.[333]
Finnish foods often use wholemeal products (rye, barley, oats) and berries (such as bilberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, and sea buckthorn). Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food, drink, or in various recipes. Various turnips were common in traditional cooking, but were replaced with the potato after its introduction in the 18th century.
According to the statistics, red meat consumption has risen, but still Finns eat less beef than many other nations, and more fish and poultry. This is mainly because of the high cost of meat in Finland.
Finland has the world's highest per capita consumption of coffee.[334] Milk consumption is also high, at an average of about Template:Convert, per person, per year,[335] even though 17% of the Finns are lactose intolerant.[336]
Public holidays
Main article: Public holidays in Finland
There are several holidays in Finland, of which perhaps the most characteristic of Finnish culture include Christmas (joulu), Midsummer (juhannus), May Day (vappu) and Independence Day (itsenäisyyspäivä). Of these, Christmas and Midsummer are special in Finland because the actual festivities take place on eves, such as Christmas Eve (jouluaatto)[337][338] and Midsummer's Eve (juhannusaatto),[339][340] while Christmas Day (joulupäivä) and Midsummer's Day (juhannuspäivä) are more consecrated to rest. Other public holidays in Finland are New Year's Day (uudenvuodenpäivä), Epiphany (loppiainen), Good Friday (pitkäperjantai), Easter Sunday (pääsiäissunnuntai) and Easter Monday (pääsiäismaanantai), Ascension Day (helatorstai), All Saints' Day (pyhäinpäivä) and Saint Stephen's Day (tapaninpäivä). All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament. On the other hand, laskiainen that is strongly part of the Finnish tradition is not defined as a public holiday in relation to the above-mentioned holidays.[341]
Sports
Main article: Sport in Finland
Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo, resembling baseball, is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sport in terms of spectators is ice hockey. The Ice Hockey World Championships 2016 final, Finland-Canada, was watched by 69% of Finnish people on TV.[342] Other popular sports include athletics, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, football, volleyball and basketball.[343] While ice hockey is the most popular sport when it comes to attendance at games, association football is the most played team sport in terms of the number of players in the country and is also the most appreciated sport in Finland.[344][345]
In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best performing country in Olympic history.[346] Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the Olympic Games in 1908, while still an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. At the 1912 Summer Olympics, great pride was taken in the three gold medals won by the original "Flying Finn" Hannes Kolehmainen.
Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before World War II. At the 1924 Summer Olympics, Finland, a nation then of only 3.2 million people, came second in the medal count. In the 1920s and '30s, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics, with Paavo Nurmi winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time.
For over 100 years, Finnish male and female athletes have consistently excelled at the javelin throw. The event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records.
The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics.
Finland also has a notable history in figure skating. Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating, and Finland is considered one of the best countries at the sport.
Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball, Nordic walking, running, cycling, and skiing (alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, and ski jumping). Floorball, in terms of registered players, occupies third place after football and ice hockey. According to the Finnish Floorball Federation, floorball is the most popular school, youth, club and workplace sport.[347] Template:As of, the total number of licensed players reaches 57,400.[348]
Especially since the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, Finland's national basketball team has received widespread public attention. More than 8,000 Finns travelled to Spain to support their team. Overall, they chartered more than 40 airplanes.[349]
See also
Notes
Citations
References
Citations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite book
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- ↑ Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office, in 1906. New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote, in 1893. But women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature, until 1919.
- ↑ Template:Cite web
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- ↑ Mikko Heikkilä, 'Varhaissuomen äännehistorian kronologiasta', Sananjalka, 58 (2016), 136–158 (p. 147).
- ↑ Petri Kallio, 'Äännehistoriaa suomen kielen erilliskehityksen alkutaipaleilta', Sananjalka, 59 (2017), 7–24 (p. 12).
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- ↑ Herkules.oulu.fi. People, material, culture and environment in the north. Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference, University of Oulu, 18–23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa-Pekka Herva Gummerus Kirjapaino
- ↑ Dr. Pirjo Uino of the National Board of Antiquities, ThisisFinland—"Prehistory: The ice recedes—man arrives". Retrieved 24 June 2008.
- ↑ History of Finland and the Finnish People from stone age to WWII. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
- ↑ Professor Frank Horn of the Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law University of Lappland writing for Virtual Finland on National Minorities of Finland. Retrieved 24 June 2008.
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- ↑ Punaisten ja valkoisten perintöä vaalitaan yhä – Suomalaiset lähettivät yli 400 muistoa vuoden 1918 sisällissodasta (in Finnish)
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- ↑ Finnish constitution, Section 93.
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- ↑ Women's voluntary service Template:Webarchive (in Finnish)
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- ↑ Church statistical yesrbook 2012 Template:Webarchive The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
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- ↑ Sauter, Michael B. (24 September 2012) The Most Educated Countries in the World Template:Webarchive. Finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
- ↑ And the World's Most Educated Country Is.... Newsfeed.time.com (27 September 2012). Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
- ↑ . finlex.fi; Yliopistolaki 558/2009 – Säädökset alkuperäisinä – FINLEX. Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
- ↑ Educational Schizophrenia in Finland |Teivo Teivainen. Teivo.net (8 August 2013). Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
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- ↑ James Stevens Curl, Dictionary of Architecture, Grange Books, Rochester, 2005, p. 1.
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- ↑ Elisabeth Eide & Kaarina Nikunen: Media in Motion: Cultural Complexity and Migration in the Nordic Region (Research in Migration and Ethnic Relations). Routledge, 2010. Template:ISBN.
- ↑ YLE: Syke, Sorjonen ja Suomi Love myyvät maailmalla, mutta Presidentti ei maistunut kriitikoille (in Finnish)
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- ↑ Jalkapallo nousi arvostetuimmaksi urheilulajiksi |Yle Urheilu. yle.fi. Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
- ↑ Template:In lang Jalkapallolla eniten harrastajia – se lyö lätkän, hiihto on alamäessä |Länsiväylä Template:Webarchive. Lansivayla.fi (28 February 2016). Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
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Further reading
- Chew, Allen F. The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War (Template:ISBN).
- Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri. The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939–1940 (Template:ISBN).
- Insight Guide: Finland (Template:ISBN).
- Jakobson, Max. Finland in the New Europe (Template:ISBN).
- Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko. A History of Finland (Template:ISBN).
- Klinge, Matti. Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (Template:ISBN).
- Lavery, Jason. The History of Finland, Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations, Greenwood Press, 2006 (Template:ISBN, Template:ISSN).
- Lewis, Richard D. Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (Template:ISBN).
- Lonely Planet: Finland (Template:ISBN)
- Mann, Chris. Hitler's Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR 1940–1945 (Template:ISBN).
- Rusama, Jaakko. Ecumenical Growth in Finland (Template:ISBN).
- Singleton, Fred. A Short History of Finland (Template:ISBN).
- Subrenat, Jean-Jacques. Listen, there's music from the forest; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival (Template:ISBN).
- Swallow, Deborah. Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (Template:ISBN).
- Trotter, William R. A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940 (Template:ISBN).
External links
- Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Template:Curlie
- Finland profile from the BBC News
- Key Development Forecasts for Finland from International Futures
- Population in Finland 1750–2010
- Appendix figure 2. The largest groups by native language 2001 and 2011 (Statistics Finland)
- Official statistical information about Finland from Findicator.
Government
- This is Finland, the official English-language online portal (administered by the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs)
- Finland (University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Government Publications)
Maps
Travel
Template:Finland topics Template:Navboxes Template:Authority control Template:Coord Template:About Template:Pp-vandalism Template:Pp-pc1 Template:Pp-move-indef Template:Short description Template:Infobox country
Finland (Template:Lang-fi Template:IPA-fi; Template:Lang-sv Template:IPA-sv, Template:IPA-sv), officially the Republic of Finland (Template:Lang-fi, Template:Lang-sv Template:Small),Template:Refn is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, Norway to the north, and is defined by the Gulf of Bothnia to the west, and the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea across Estonia to the south. Finland covers an area of Template:Convert, with a population of 5.5 million. Helsinki is the country's capital and largest city, but together with the neighboring cities of Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, it forms a larger metropolitan area. Finnish, the native language of the Finns, is among the few Finnic languages in the world. The climate varies relative to latitude, from the southern humid continental climate to the northern boreal climate. The land cover is primarily a boreal forest biome, with more than 180,000 recorded lakes.[1]
Finland was inhabited around 9000 BC after the Last Glacial Period.[2] The Stone Age introduced several different ceramic styles and cultures. The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in Fennoscandia and the Baltic region.[3] From the late 13th century, Finland gradually became an integral part of Sweden as a consequence of the Northern Crusades. In 1809, as a result of the Finnish War, Finland was annexed by Russia as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, during which Finnish art flourished and the idea of independence began to take hold. In 1906, Finland became the first European state to grant universal suffrage, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office.[4][5] Nicholas II, the last Tsar of Russia, tried to russify Finland and terminate its political autonomy, but after the 1917 Russian Revolution, Finland declared independence from Russia. In 1918, the fledgling state was divided by the Finnish Civil War. During World War II, Finland fought the Soviet Union in the Winter War and the Continuation War, and Nazi Germany in the Lapland War. After the wars, Finland lost parts of its territory, but maintained its independence.
Finland largely remained an agrarian country until the 1950s. After World War II, the country rapidly industrialised and developed an advanced economy, while building an extensive welfare state based on the Nordic model, resulting in widespread prosperity and a high per capita income.[6] Finland joined the United Nations in 1955 and adopted an official policy of neutrality. Finland joined the OECD in 1969, the NATO Partnership for Peace in 1994,[7] the European Union in 1995, the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in 1997,[7] and the Eurozone at its inception in 1999. Finland is a top performer in numerous metrics of national performance, including education, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life and human development.[8][9][10][11] In 2015, Finland was ranked first in the World Human Capital[12] and the Press Freedom Index and as the most stable country in the world during 2011–2016 in the Fragile States Index,[13] and second in the Global Gender Gap Report.[14] It also ranked first on the World Happiness Report report for 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021.[15][16]
Etymology
Finland
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The earliest written appearance of the name Finland is thought to be on three runestones. Two were found in the Swedish province of Uppland and have the inscription finlonti (U 582). The third was found in Gotland. It has the inscription finlandi (G 319) and dates back to the 13th century.[17] The name can be assumed to be related to the tribe name Finns, which is mentioned at first known time AD 98 (disputed meaning).
Suomi
The name Suomi (Template:Langnf) has uncertain origins, but a common etymology with saame (Sami, a Finno-Ugric people in Lapland) and Häme (a province in the inland) has been suggested (Proto-Finnic *hämä from older *šämä, possibly loaned into Proto-Saami as *sāmē), whose source could be the Proto-Baltic word *źemē, meaning '(low) land'.[18] According to the hypothesis, *sāmē – or *šämä directly – was loaned back into Baltic as *sāma- (compare Latvian sāms 'Finn, Öselian'), from which Northern Finnic reborrowed it (perhaps via a Germanic intermediate *sōma-) as *sōma- > *sōme- 'Finland'.[19] In addition to the close relatives of Finnish (the Finnic languages), this name is also used in the Baltic languages Latvian (soms, Somija) and Lithuanian (suomis, Suomija), although these are evidently later borrowings. An alternative hypothesis by Petri Kallio suggests the Proto-Indo-European word *(dʰ)ǵʰm-on- 'human' (cf. Gothic guma, Latin homo), being borrowed into Uralic as *ćoma.[19]
It has been suggested that the Finnish word Suomi is first attested the Royal Frankish Annals annal for 811, which mentions a person called Suomi among the Danish delegation at a peace treaty with the Franks.[20] If so, it is also the earliest evidence for the change from the proto-Finnic monophthong Template:IPA to the Finnish diphthong Template:IPA.[21][22] However, some historical linguists view this interpretation of the name as unlikely, supposing another etymology or that the spelling originated as a scribal error (in which case the sound-change Template:IPA > Template:IPA could have happened much later).[23]
Concept
In the earliest historical sources, from the 12th and 13th centuries, the term Finland refers to the coastal region around Turku from Perniö to Uusikaupunki. This region later became known as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland. Finland became a common name for the whole country in a centuries-long process that started when the Catholic Church established a missionary diocese in Nousiainen in the northern part of the province of Suomi possibly sometime in the 12th century.[24]
The devastation of Finland during the Great Northern War (1714–1721) and during the Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) caused Sweden to begin carrying out major efforts to defend its eastern half from Russia. These 18th-century experiences created a sense of a shared destiny that when put in conjunction with the unique Finnish language, led to the adoption of an expanded concept of Finland.[25]
History
Main article: History of Finland
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Prehistory
Main article: History of Finland#Prehistory
If the archeological finds from Wolf Cave are the result of Neanderthals' activities, the first people inhabited Finland approximately 120,000–130,000 years ago.[26] The area that is now Finland was settled in, at the latest, around 8,500 BC during the Stone Age towards the end of the last glacial period. The artifacts the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in Estonia, Russia, and Norway.[27] The earliest people were hunter-gatherers, using stone tools.[28]
The first pottery appeared in 5200 BC, when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced.[29] The arrival of the Corded Ware culture in Southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BC may have coincided with the start of agriculture.[30] Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy.
In the Bronze Age permanent all-year-round cultivation and animal husbandry spread, but the cold climate phase slowed the change.[31] Cultures in Finland shared common features in pottery and also axes had similarities but local features existed. Seima-Turbino-phenomenon brought first bronze artifacts to the region and possibly also the Finno-Ugric-Languages.[31][32] Commercial contacts that had so far mostly been to Estonia started to extend to Scandinavia. Domestic manufacture of bronze artifacts started 1300 BC with Template:Ill. Bronze was imported from Volga region and from Southern Scandinavia.[33]
In the Iron Age population grew especially in Häme and Savo regions. Finland proper was the most densely populated area. Cultural contacts to the Baltics and Scandinavia became more frequent. Commercial contacts in the Baltic Sea region grew and extended during the 8th and 9th centuries.
Main exports from Finland were furs, slaves, castoreum, and falcons to European courts. Imports included silk and other fabrics, jewelry, Ulfberht swords, and, in lesser extent, glass. Production of iron started approximately in 500 BC.[34]
At the end of the 9th century, indigenous artifact culture, especially women's jewelry and weapons, had more common local features than ever before. This has been interpreted to be expressing common Finnish identity which was born from an image of common origin.[35]
An early form of Finnic languages spread to the Baltic Sea region approximately 1900 BC with the Seima-Turbino-phenomenon. Common Finnic language was spoken around Gulf of Finland 2000 years ago. The dialects from which the modern-day Finnish language was developed came into existence during the Iron Age.[36] Although distantly related, the Sami retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns. The Sami cultural identity and the Sami language have survived in Lapland, the northernmost province, but the Sami have been displaced or assimilated elsewhere.
The 12th and 13th centuries were a violent time in the northern Baltic Sea. The Livonian Crusade was ongoing and the Finnish tribes such as the Tavastians and Karelians were in frequent conflicts with Novgorod and with each other. Also, during the 12th and 13th centuries several crusades from the Catholic realms of the Baltic Sea area were made against the Finnish tribes. According to historical sources, Danes waged at least three crusades to Finland, in 1187 or slightly earlier,[37] in 1191 and in 1202,[38] and Swedes, possibly the so-called second crusade to Finland, in 1249 against Tavastians and the third crusade to Finland in 1293 against the Karelians. The so-called first crusade to Finland, possibly in 1155, is most likely an unreal event. Also, it is possible that Germans made violent conversion of Finnish pagans in the 13th century.[39] According to a papal letter from 1241, the king of Norway was also fighting against "nearby pagans" at that time.[40]
Swedish era
Main article: Finland under Swedish rule
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Dark green: Sweden proper, as represented in the Riksdag of the Estates. Other greens: Swedish dominions and possessions
As a result of the crusades and the colonisation of some Finnish coastal areas with Christian Swedish population during the Middle Ages,[41] including the old capital Turku, Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the Catholic Church. Due to the Swedish conquest, the Finnish upper class lost its position and lands to the new Swedish and German nobility and to the Catholic Church.[42] In Sweden even in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was clear that Finland was a conquered country and its inhabitants could be treated arbitrarily. Swedish kings visited Finland rarely and in Swedish contemporary texts Finns were portrayed to be primitive and their language inferior.[43]
Swedish became the dominant language of the nobility, administration, and education; Finnish was chiefly a language for the peasantry, clergy, and local courts in predominantly Finnish-speaking areas. During the Protestant Reformation, the Finns gradually converted to Lutheranism.[44]
In the 16th century, Mikael Agricola published the first written works in Finnish, and Finland's current capital city, Helsinki, was founded by Gustav I of Sweden.[45] The first university in Finland, the Royal Academy of Turku, was established in 1640. The Finns reaped a reputation in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) as a well-trained cavalrymen called "Hakkapeliitta", that division excelled in sudden and savage attacks, raiding and reconnaissance, which King Gustavus Adolphus took advantage of in his significant battles, like in the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) and the Battle of Rain (1632).[46][47] Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–1697, during which about one third of the Finnish population died,[48] and a devastating plague a few years later.
In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces, times known to the Finns as the Greater Wrath (1714–1721) and the Lesser Wrath (1742–1743).[48] It is estimated that almost an entire generation of young men was lost during the Great Wrath, due mainly to the destruction of homes and farms, and to the burning of Helsinki.[49] By this time Finland was the predominant term for the whole area from the Gulf of Bothnia to the Russian border.[it just is, ok?]
Two Russo-Swedish wars in twenty-five years served as reminders to the Finnish people of the precarious position between Sweden and Russia. An increasingly vocal elite in Finland soon determined that Finnish ties with Sweden were becoming too costly, and following Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790), the Finnish elite's desire to break with Sweden only heightened.[50]
Even before the war there were conspiring politicians, among them Col G. M. Sprengtporten, who had supported Gustav III's coup in 1772. Sprengporten fell out with the king and resigned his commission in 1777. In the following decade he tried to secure Russian support for an autonomous Finland, and later became an adviser to Catherine II.[50] In the spirit of the notion of Adolf Ivar Arwidsson (1791–1858), "we are not Swedes, we do not want to become Russians, let us therefore be Finns", the Finnish national identity started to become established.[51]
Notwithstanding the efforts of Finland's elite and nobility to break ties with Sweden, there was no genuine independence movement in Finland until the early 20th century. As a matter of fact, at this time the Finnish peasantry was outraged by the actions of their elite and almost exclusively supported Gustav's actions against the conspirators. (The High Court of Turku condemned Sprengtporten as a traitor c. 1793.)[50] The Swedish era ended in the Finnish War in 1809.
Russian era
Main article: Grand Duchy of Finland
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On 29 March 1809, having been taken over by the armies of Alexander I of Russia in the Finnish War, Finland became an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire with the recognition given at the Diet held in Porvoo. This situation lasted until the end of 1917. In 1811, Alexander I incorporated the Russian Vyborg province into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the Crimean War, when the British and French navies bombed the Finnish coast and Åland during the so-called Åland War. During the Russian era, the Finnish language began to gain recognition. From the 1860s onwards, a strong Finnish nationalist movement known as the Fennoman movement grew, and one of its most prominent leading figures of the movement was the philosopher J. V. Snellman, who was strictly inclined to Hegel's idealism, and who pushed for the stabilization of the status of the Finnish language and its own currency, the Finnish markka, in the Grand Duchy of Finland.[53][54] Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's national epic – the Kalevala – in 1835, and the Finnish language's achieving equal legal status with Swedish in 1892.
The Finnish famine of 1866–1868 killed approximately 15% of the population, making it one of the worst famines in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to ease financial regulations, and investment rose in following decades. Economic and political development was rapid.[55] The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain.[55]
In 1906, universal suffrage was adopted in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, the relationship between the Grand Duchy and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government made moves to restrict Finnish autonomy. For example, the universal suffrage was, in practice, virtually meaningless, since the tsar did not have to approve any of the laws adopted by the Finnish parliament. Desire for independence gained ground, first among radical liberals[56] and socialists. The case is known as the "Russification of Finland", driven by the last tsar of Russian Empire, Nicholas II.[57]
Civil war and early independence
Main article: Independence of Finland
After the 1917 February Revolution, the position of Finland as part of the Russian Empire was questioned, mainly by Social Democrats. Since the head of state was the tsar of Russia, it was not clear who the chief executive of Finland was after the revolution. The Parliament, controlled by social democrats, passed the so-called Power Act to give the highest authority to the Parliament. This was rejected by the Russian Provisional Government which decided to dissolve the Parliament.[58]
New elections were conducted, in which right-wing parties won with a slim majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result and still claimed that the dissolution of the parliament (and thus the ensuing elections) were extralegal. The two nearly equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties and the social democratic party, were highly antagonized.
The October Revolution in Russia changed the geopolitical situation once more. Suddenly, the right-wing parties in Finland started to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of highest executive power from the Russian government to Finland, as the Bolsheviks took power in Russia. Rather than acknowledge the authority of the Power Act of a few months earlier, the right-wing government, led by Prime Minister P. E. Svinhufvud, presented Declaration of Independence on 4 December 1917, which was officially approved two days later, on 6 December, by the Finnish Parliament. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), led by Vladimir Lenin, recognized independence on 4 January 1918.[59]
On 27 January 1918, the official opening shots of the civil war were fired in two simultaneous events: on the one hand the government's beginning to disarm the Russian forces in Pohjanmaa, and on the other, a coup launched by the Social Democratic Party.Template:Failed verification The latter gained control of southern Finland and Helsinki, but the White government continued in exile from Vaasa. This sparked the brief but bitter civil war. The Whites, who were supported by Imperial Germany, prevailed over the Reds,[60] which were guided by Kullervo Manner's desire to make the newly independent country a Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (also known as "Red Finland") and part of the RSFSR.[61] After the war, tens of thousands of Reds and suspected sympathizers were interned in camps, where thousands were executed or died from malnutrition and disease. Deep social and political enmity was sown between the Reds and Whites and would last until the Winter War and beyond. Even nowadays, the civil war remains a sensitive topic.[62][63] The civil war and the 1918–1920 activist expeditions called "Kinship Wars" into Soviet Russia strained Eastern relations. At that time, the idea of a Greater Finland also emerged for the first time.[64][65]
After a brief experimentation with monarchy, when an attempt to make Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse King of Finland proved to be a poor success, Finland became a presidential republic, with K. J. Ståhlberg elected as its first president in 1919. As a liberal nationalist and with a legal background, Ståhlberg anchored the state in liberal democracy, guarded the fragile shoot of the rule of law, and embarked on internal reforms.[66] Finland was also one of the first European countries to strongly aim for equality for women, with Miina Sillanpää serving in Väinö Tanner's cabinet as the first female minister in Finnish history in 1926–1927.[67] The Finnish–Russian border was defined in 1920 by the Treaty of Tartu, largely following the historic border but granting Pechenga (Template:Lang-fi) and its Barents Sea harbour to Finland. Finnish democracy did not experience any Soviet coup attempts and likewise survived the anti-communist Lapua Movement. Nevertheless, the relationship between Finland and the Soviet Union remained tense. Army officers were trained in France, and relations with Western Europe and Sweden were strengthened.
In 1917, the population was three million. Credit-based land reform was enacted after the civil war, increasing the proportion of the capital-owning population.[55] About 70% of workers were occupied in agriculture and 10% in industry.[68] The largest export markets were the United Kingdom and Germany.
World War II and after
Main article: Finland during World War II
Finland fought the Soviet Union in the Winter War of 1939–1940 after the Soviet Union attacked Finland and in the Continuation War of 1941–1944, following Operation Barbarossa, when Finland aligned with Germany following Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union. For 872 days, the German army, aided indirectly by Finnish forces, besieged Leningrad, the USSR's second-largest city.[69] After Finnish resistance to a major Soviet offensive in June and July 1944 led to a standstill, the two sides reached an armistice. This was followed by the Lapland War of 1944–1945, when Finland fought retreating German forces in northern Finland. Perhaps the most famous war heroes during the aforementioned wars were Simo Häyhä,[70][71] Aarne Juutilainen,[72] and Lauri Törni.[73]
The treaties signed with the Soviet Union in 1947 and 1948 included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations, as well as further Finnish territorial concessions in addition to those in the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940. As a result of the two wars, Finland ceded the Petsamo, along with parts of Finnish Karelia and Salla. This amounted to 10% of Finland's land area and 20% of its industrial capacity, including the ports of Vyborg (Viipuri) and the ice-free Liinakhamari (Liinahamari). Almost the whole Finnish population, some 400,000 people, fled these areas. The former Finnish territory now constitutes part of Russia's Republic of Karelia, Leningrad Oblast, and Murmansk Oblast. Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces and it retained its independence, but at a loss of about 97,000 soldiers. The war reparations demanded by the Soviet Union amounted to $300 million (Template:Inflation million in Template:Inflation/year).
Finland rejected Marshall aid, in apparent deference to Soviet desires. However, in the hope of preserving Finland's independence, the United States provided secret development aid and helped the Social Democratic Party.[74] Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and paying reparations to the Soviet Union produced a transformation of Finland from a primarily agrarian economy to an industrialised one. Valmet was founded to create materials for war reparations. After the reparations had been paid off, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of bilateral trade.
In 1950, 46% of Finnish workers worked in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas.[75] The new jobs in manufacturing, services, and trade quickly attracted people to the towns. The average number of births per woman declined from a baby boom peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973.[75] When baby-boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs quickly enough, and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970.[75] The 1952 Summer Olympics brought international visitors. Finland took part in trade liberalization in the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Officially claiming to be neutral, Finland lay in the grey zone between the Western countries and the Soviet bloc. The YYA Treaty (Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. This was extensively exploited by president Urho Kekkonen against his opponents. He maintained an effective monopoly on Soviet relations from 1956 on, which was crucial for his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency to avoid any policies and statements that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was given the name "Finlandization" by the West German press. During the Cold War, Finland also developed into one of the centers of the East-West espionage, in which both the KGB and the CIA played their parts.[76][77][78][79][80][81] The 1949 established Finnish Security Intelligence Service (SUPO, Suojelupoliisi), an operational security authority and a police unit under the Interior Ministry, whose core areas of activity are counter-Intelligence, counter-terrorism and national security,[82] also participated in this activity in some places.[83][84]
Despite close relations with the Soviet Union, Finland maintained a market economy. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets, which explains the widespread support that pro-Soviet policies enjoyed among business interests in Finland. Economic growth was rapid in the postwar era, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th-highest in the world. In the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive welfare states in the world. Finland negotiated with the European Economic Community (EEC, a predecessor of the European Union) a treaty that mostly abolished customs duties towards the EEC starting from 1977, although Finland did not fully join. In 1981, President Urho Kekkonen's failing health forced him to retire after holding office for 25 years.
Finland reacted cautiously to the collapse of the Soviet Union, but swiftly began increasing integration with the West. On 21 September 1990, Finland unilaterally declared the Paris Peace Treaty obsolete, following the German reunification decision nine days earlier.[85]
Miscalculated macroeconomic decisions, a banking crisis, the collapse of its largest trading partner (the Soviet Union), and a global economic downturn caused a deep early 1990s recession in Finland. The depression bottomed out in 1993, and Finland saw steady economic growth for more than ten years.[86] Like other Nordic countries, Finland decentralised its economy since the late 1980s. Financial and product market regulation were loosened. Some state enterprises have been privatized and there have been some modest tax cuts.[it just is, ok?] Finland joined the European Union in 1995, and the Eurozone in 1999. Much of the late 1990s economic growth was fueled by the success of the mobile phone manufacturer Nokia, which held a unique position of representing 80% of the market capitalization of the Helsinki Stock Exchange.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Finland
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Lying approximately between latitudes 60° and 70° N, and longitudes 20° and 32° E, Finland is one of the world's northernmost countries. Of world capitals, only Reykjavík lies more to the north than Helsinki. The distance from the southernmost point – Hanko in Uusimaa – to the northernmost – Nuorgam in Lapland – is Template:Convert.
Finland has about 168,000 lakes (of area larger than Template:Convert) and 179,000 islands.[87] Its largest lake, Saimaa, is the fourth largest in Europe. The Finnish Lakeland is the area with the most lakes in the country; many of the major cities in the area, most notably Tampere, Jyväskylä and Kuopio, are located in the immediate vicinity of the large lakes. The greatest concentration of islands is found in the southwest, in the Archipelago Sea between continental Finland and the main island of Åland.
Much of the geography of Finland is a result of the Ice Age. The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in Fennoscandia compared with the rest of Europe. Their eroding effects have left the Finnish landscape mostly flat with few hills and fewer mountains. Its highest point, the Halti at Template:Convert, is found in the extreme north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is Ridnitšohkka at Template:Convert, directly adjacent to Halti.
The retreating glaciers have left the land with morainic deposits in formations of eskers. These are ridges of stratified gravel and sand, running northwest to southeast, where the ancient edge of the glacier once lay. Among the biggest of these are the three Salpausselkä ridges that run across southern Finland.
Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the post-glacial rebound. The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia, where land steadily rises about Template:Convert a year. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about Template:Convert annually.[88] Relatively speaking, Finland is rising from the sea.[89]
The landscape is covered mostly by coniferous taiga forests and fens, with little cultivated land. Of the total area 10% is lakes, rivers and ponds, and 78% forest. The forest consists of pine, spruce, birch, and other species.[90] Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world. The most common type of rock is granite. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or till is the most common type of soil, covered by a thin layer of humus of biological origin. Podzol profile development is seen in most forest soils except where drainage is poor. Gleysols and peat bogs occupy poorly drained areas.
Biodiversity
Main article: Fauna of Finland
Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European, and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests, and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.[91] Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common. Finland had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 5.08/10, ranking it 109th globally out of 172 countries.[92]
Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over 70 fish species, and 11 reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago. Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear, gray wolf, wolverine, and elk. The brown bear, which is also nicknamed as the "king of the forest" by the Finns, is the country's official national animal,[93] which also occur on the coat of arms of the Satakunta region is a crown-headed black bear carrying a sword,[94] possibly referring to the regional capital city of Pori, whose Swedish name Björneborg and the Latin name Arctopolis literally means "bear city" or "bear fortress".[95] Three of the more striking birds are the whooper swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Western capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the Eurasian eagle-owl. The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.[96] The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler, common chaffinch, and redwing.[97] Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch, and others are plentiful. Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.
The endangered Saimaa ringed seal (Pusa hispida saimensis), one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 390 seals today.[98] Ever since the species was protected in 1955,[99] it has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.[100] The Saimaa ringed seal lives nowadays mainly in two Finnish national parks, Kolovesi and Linnansaari,[101] but strays have been seen in a much larger area, including near Savonlinna's town centre.
Climate
Main article: Climate of Finland
The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the 60th and 70th northern parallels in the Eurasian continent's coastal zone. In the Köppen climate classification, the whole of Finland lies in the boreal zone, characterized by warm summers and freezing winters. Within the country, the temperateness varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a maritime and a continental climate. Finland is near enough to the Atlantic Ocean to be continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same latitude, such as Alaska, Siberia, and southern Greenland.[102]
Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below Template:Convert) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April, and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki, snow often covers the land from late December to late March.[103] Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to Template:Convert although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below Template:Convert are rare. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above Template:Convert) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over Template:Convert.[102] Although most of Finland lies on the taiga belt, the southernmost coastal regions are sometimes classified as hemiboreal.[104]
In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, while the summers are relatively warm but short. The most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall down to Template:Convert. The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover from about mid-October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months, but can still see maximum daily temperatures above Template:Convert during heat waves.[102] No part of Finland has Arctic tundra, but Alpine tundra can be found at the fells Lapland.[104]
The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for animal husbandry.[105]
A quarter of Finland's territory lies within the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer, and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.[102]
Regions
Main article: Regions of Finland
Finland consists of 19 regions, called maakunta in Finnish and landskap in Swedish. The regions are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the municipalities of a region. The main tasks of the regions are regional planning and development of enterprise and education. In addition, the public health services are usually organized on the basis of regions. Currently, the only region where a popular election is held for the council is Kainuu. Other regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion to its population.
In addition to inter-municipal cooperation, which is the responsibility of regional councils, each region has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and entrepreneurial affairs. The Finnish Defence Forces regional offices are responsible for the regional defence preparations and for the administration of conscription within the region.
Regions represent dialectal, cultural, and economic variations better than the former provinces, which were purely administrative divisions of the central government. Historically, regions are divisions of historical provinces of Finland, areas which represent dialects and culture more accurately.
Six Regional State Administrative Agencies were created by the state of Finland in 2010, each of them responsible for one of the regions called alue in Finnish and region in Swedish; in addition, Åland was designated a seventh region. These take over some of the tasks of the earlier Provinces of Finland (lääni/län), which were abolished.[106]
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The region of Eastern Uusimaa (Itä-Uusimaa) was consolidated with Uusimaa on 1 January 2011.[109]
Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of Finland
The fundamental administrative divisions of the country are the municipalities, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. Template:As of, there are 309 municipalities,[110] and most have fewer than 6,000 residents.
In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy sub-regions and nineteen regions. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. Sami people have a semi-autonomous Sami native region in Lapland for issues on language and culture.
In the following chart, the number of inhabitants includes those living in the entire municipality (kunta/kommun), not just in the built-up area. The land area is given in km2, and the density in inhabitants per km2 (land area). The figures are as of Error: Invalid time.. The capital region – comprising Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo and Kauniainen – forms a continuous conurbation of over 1.1 million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Finland
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Template:Legend2 Template:Legend2Template:Legend2
Constitution
The Constitution of Finland defines the political system; Finland is a parliamentary republic within the framework of a representative democracy. The Prime Minister is the country's most powerful person. The current version of the constitution was enacted on 1 March 2000, and was amended on 1 March 2012. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, presidential and European Union elections.
President
Main article: President of Finland
The head of state of Finland is President of the Republic of Finland (in Finnish: Suomen tasavallan presidentti; in Swedish: Republiken Finlands president). Finland has had for most of its independence a semi-presidential system, but in the last few decades the powers of the President have been diminished. Constitutional amendments, which came into effect in 1991 and 1992, as well as a new drafted constitution of 2000 (amended in 2012), have made the presidency a primarily ceremonial office. However, the President still leads the nation's foreign politics together with the Council of State and is the commander-in-chief of the Defence Forces.[111] The position still does entail some powers, including responsibility for foreign policy (excluding affairs related to the European Union) in cooperation with the cabinet, being the head of the armed forces, some decree and pardoning powers, and some appointive powers. Direct, one- or two-stage elections are used to elect the president for a term of six years and for a maximum of two consecutive 6-year terms. The current president is Sauli Niinistö; he took office on 1 March 2012. Former presidents were K. J. Ståhlberg (1919–1925), L. K. Relander (1925–1931), P. E. Svinhufvud (1931–1937), Kyösti Kallio (1937–1940), Risto Ryti (1940–1944), C. G. E. Mannerheim (1944–1946), J. K. Paasikivi (1946–1956), Urho Kekkonen (1956–1982), Mauno Koivisto (1982–1994), Martti Ahtisaari (1994–2000), and Tarja Halonen (2000–2012).
The current president was elected from the ranks of the National Coalition Party for the first time since 1946. The presidency between 1946 and the present was instead held by a member of the Social Democratic Party or the Centre Party.
Parliament
Main article: Parliament of Finland
The 200-member unicameral Parliament of Finland (Template:Lang-fi, Template:Lang-sv) exercises supreme legislative authority in the country. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's constitutional law committee. The parliament is elected for a term of four years using the proportional D'Hondt method within a number of multi-seat constituencies through the most open list multi-member districts. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation.
Since universal suffrage was introduced in 1906, the parliament has been dominated by the Centre Party (former Agrarian Union), the National Coalition Party, and the Social Democrats. These parties have enjoyed approximately equal support, and their combined vote has totalled about 65–80% of all votes. Their lowest common total of MPs, 121, was reached in the 2011 elections. For a few decades after 1944, the Communists were a strong fourth party. Due to the electoral system of proportional representation, and the relative reluctance of voters to switch their support between parties, the relative strengths of the parties have commonly varied only slightly from one election to another. However, there have been some long-term trends, such as the rise and fall of the Communists during the Cold War; the steady decline into insignificance of the Liberals and their predecessors from 1906 to 1980; and the rise of the Green League since 1983.
The Marin Cabinet is the incumbent 76th government of Finland. It was formed following the collapse of the Rinne Cabinet and officially took office on 10 December 2019.[112][113] The cabinet consists of a coalition formed by the Social Democratic Party, the Centre Party, the Green League, the Left Alliance, and the Swedish People's Party.[114]
Cabinet
Script error: No such module "Labelled list hatnote". After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the Finnish Government), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens (the last time in 1957), as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament.[115]Template:Circular reference
The cabinet exercises most executive powers, and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the Prime Minister of Finland, and consists of him or her, of other ministers, and of the Chancellor of Justice. The current prime minister is Sanna Marin (Social Democratic Party). Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is the minister of finance. The incumbent Minister of Finance is Matti Vanhanen.
As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest.
Law
Main article: Law of Finland
The judicial system of Finland is a civil law system divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on Swedish law and in a wider sense, civil law or Roman law. The court system for civil and criminal jurisdiction consists of local courts (käräjäoikeus, tingsrätt), regional appellate courts (hovioikeus, hovrätt), and the Supreme Court (korkein oikeus, högsta domstolen). The administrative branch of justice consists of administrative courts (hallinto-oikeus, förvaltningsdomstol) and the Supreme Administrative Court (korkein hallinto-oikeus, högsta förvaltningsdomstolen). In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a High Court of Impeachment for criminal charges against certain high-ranking officeholders.
Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions.[116] The overall crime rate of Finland is not high in the EU context. Some crime types are above average, notably the high homicide rate for Western Europe.[117] A day fine system is in effect and also applied to offenses such as speeding.
Finland has successfully fought against government corruption, which was more common in the 1970s and 1980s.[118]Template:Verify source For instance, economic reforms and EU membership introduced stricter requirements for open bidding and many public monopolies were abolished.[118] Today, Finland has a very low number of corruption charges; Transparency International ranks Finland as one of the least corrupt countries in Europe.
In 2008, Transparency International criticized the lack of transparency of the system of Finnish political finance.[119] According to GRECO in 2007, corruption should be taken into account in the Finnish system of election funds better.[120] A scandal revolving around campaign finance of the 2007 parliamentary elections broke out in spring 2008. Nine cabinet ministers submitted incomplete funding reports and even more of the members of parliament. The law includes no punishment of false funds reports of the elected politicians.
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of Finland
According to the 2012 constitution, the president (currently Sauli Niinistö) leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs.[121]
In 2008, president Martti Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[122] Finland was considered a cooperative model state, and Finland did not oppose proposals for a common EU defence policy.[123] This was reversed in the 2000s, when Tarja Halonen and Erkki Tuomioja made Finland's official policy to resist other EU members' plans for common defence.[123]
Military
Main article: Finnish Defence Forces
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The Finnish Defence Forces consist of a cadre of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male conscription is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of civilian (non-armed) service. Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO, and EU missions. Approximately 500 women choose voluntary military service every year.[124] Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms including front-line infantry and special forces. The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. The army defends the national territory and its military strategy employs the use of the heavily forested terrain and numerous lakes to wear down an aggressor, instead of attempting to hold the attacking army on the frontier.
Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union.[125] The Finnish military doctrine is based on the concept of total defence. The term total means that all sectors of the government and economy are involved in the defence planning. The armed forces are under the command of the Chief of Defence (currently General Jarmo Lindberg), who is directly subordinate to the president in matters related to military command. The branches of the military are the army, the navy, and the air force. The border guard is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.
Even while Finland hasn't joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the country has joined the NATO Response Force, the EU Battlegroup,[126] the NATO Partnership for Peace and in 2014 signed a NATO memorandum of understanding,[127][128] thus forming a practical coalition.[7] In 2015, the Finland-NATO ties were strengthened with a host nation support agreement allowing assistance from NATO troops in emergency situations.[129] Finland has been an active participant in the Afghanistan and Kosovo.[130][131]
Social security
Main article: Social security in Finland
Finland has one of the world's most extensive welfare systems, one that guarantees decent living conditions for all residents: Finns, and non-citizens. Since the 1980s the social security has been cut back, but still the system is one of the most comprehensive in the world. Created almost entirely during the first three decades after World War II, the social security system was an outgrowth of the traditional Nordic belief that the state was not inherently hostile to the well-being of its citizens, but could intervene benevolently on their behalf. According to some social historians, the basis of this belief was a relatively benign history that had allowed the gradual emergence of a free and independent peasantry in the Nordic countries and had curtailed the dominance of the nobility and the subsequent formation of a powerful right wing. Finland's history has been harsher than the histories of the other Nordic countries, but not harsh enough to bar the country from following their path of social development.[132]
Human rights
Main article: Human rights in Finland
§ 6 in two sentences of the Finnish Constitution states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason."[133]
Finland has been ranked above average among the world's countries in democracy,[134] press freedom,[135] and human development.[136]
Amnesty International has expressed concern regarding some issues in Finland, such as alleged permitting of stopovers of CIA rendition flights, the imprisonment of conscientious objectors, and societal discrimination against Romani people and members of other ethnic and linguistic minorities.[137][138]
Economy
Main article: Economy of Finland
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The economy of Finland has a per capita output equal to that of other European economies such as those of France, Germany, Belgium, or the UK. The largest sector of the economy is the service sector at 66% of GDP, followed by manufacturing and refining at 31%. Primary production represents 2.9%.[139] With respect to foreign trade, the key economic sector is manufacturing. The largest industries in 2007[140] were electronics (22%); machinery, vehicles, and other engineered metal products (21.1%); forest industry (13%); and chemicals (11%). The gross domestic product peaked in 2008. Template:As of, the country's economy is at the 2006 level.[141][142]
Finland has significant timber, mineral (iron, chromium, copper, nickel, and gold), and freshwater resources. Forestry, paper factories, and the agricultural sector (on which taxpayers spendTemplate:Clarify around €3 billion annually) are important for rural residents so any policy changes affecting these sectors are politically sensitive for politicians dependent on rural votes. The Greater Helsinki area generates around one third of Finland's GDP. In a 2004 OECD comparison, high-technology manufacturing in Finland ranked second largest after Ireland. Knowledge-intensive services have also resulted in the smallest and slow-growth sectors – especially agriculture and low-technology manufacturing – being ranked the second largest after Ireland.[143]
Finland's climate and soils make growing crops a particular challenge. The country lies between the latitudes 60°N and 70°N, and it has severe winters and relatively short growing seasons that are sometimes interrupted by frost. However, because the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current moderate the climate, Finland contains half of the world's arable land north of 60° north latitude. Annual precipitation is usually sufficient, but it occurs almost exclusively during the winter months, making summer droughts a constant threat. In response to the climate, farmers have relied on quick-ripening and frost-resistant varieties of crops, and they have cultivated south-facing slopes as well as richer bottomlands to ensure production even in years with summer frosts. Most farmland was originally either forest or swamp, and the soil has usually required treatment with lime and years of cultivation to neutralize excess acid and to improve fertility. Irrigation has generally not been necessary, but drainage systems are often needed to remove excess water. Finland's agriculture has been efficient and productive—at least when compared with farming in other European countries.[132]
Forests play a key role in the country's economy, making it one of the world's leading wood producers and providing raw materials at competitive prices for the crucial wood-processing industries. As in agriculture, the government has long played a leading role in forestry, regulating tree cutting, sponsoring technical improvements, and establishing long-term plans to ensure that the country's forests continue to supply the wood-processing industries. To maintain the country's comparative advantage in forest products, Finnish authorities moved to raise lumber output toward the country's ecological limits. In 1984, the government published the Forest 2000 plan, drawn up by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The plan aimed at increasing forest harvests by about 3% per year, while conserving forestland for recreation and other uses.[132]
Private sector employees amount to 1.8 million, out of which around a third with tertiary education. The average cost of a private sector employee per hour was €25.10 in 2004.[144] Template:As of, average purchasing power-adjusted income levels are similar to those of Italy, Sweden, Germany, and France.[145] In 2006, 62% of the workforce worked for enterprises with less than 250 employees and they accounted for 49% of total business turnover and had the strongest rate of growth.[146] The female employment rate is high. Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US.[147] The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999.[147] In 2013, the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were Itella, Nokia, OP-Pohjola, ISS, VR, Kesko, UPM-Kymmene, YIT, Metso, and Nordea.[148]
The unemployment rate was 9.4% in 2015, having risen from 8.7% in 2014.[149] Youth unemployment rate rose from 16.5% in 2007 to 20.5% in 2014.[150] A fifth of residents are outside the job market at the age of 50 and less than a third are working at the age of 61.[151] In 2014, nearly one million people were living with minimal wages or unemployed not enough to cover their costs of living.[152]
Template:As of, 2.4 million households reside in Finland. The average size is 2.1 persons; 40% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 28% three or more persons. Residential buildings total 1.2 million, and the average residential space is Template:Convert per person. The average residential property without land costs €1,187 per sq metre and residential land €8.60 per sq metre. 74% of households had a car. There are 2.5 million cars and 0.4 million other vehicles.[156]
Around 92% have a mobile phone and 83.5% (2009) Internet connection at home. The average total household consumption was €20,000, out of which housing consisted of about €5,500, transport about €3,000, food and beverages (excluding alcoholic beverages) at around €2,500, and recreation and culture at around €2,000.[157] According to Invest in Finland, private consumption grew by 3% in 2006 and consumer trends included durables, high-quality products, and spending on well-being.[158]
In 2017, Finland's GDP reached €224 billion. However, second quarter of 2018 saw a slow economic growth. Unemployment rate fell to a near one-decade low in June, marking private consumption growth much higher.[159]
Finland has the highest concentration of cooperatives relative to its population.[160] The largest retailer, which is also the largest private employer, S-Group, and the largest bank, OP-Group, in the country are both cooperatives.
Energy
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The free and largely privately owned financial and physical Nordic energy markets traded in NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe and Nord Pool Spot exchanges, have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries. Template:As of, Finland has roughly the lowest industrial electricity prices in the EU-15 (equal to France).[162]
In 2006, the energy market was around 90 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 15 gigawatts in winter. This means that the energy consumption per capita is around 7.2 tons of oil equivalent per year. Industry and construction consumed 51% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries.[163][164] Finland's hydrocarbon resources are limited to peat and wood. About 10–15% of the electricity is produced by hydropower,[165] which is low compared with more mountainous Sweden or Norway. In 2008, renewable energy (mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) was high at 31% compared with the EU average of 10.3% in final energy consumption.[166] Russia supplies more than 75% of Finland's oil imports and 100% of total gas imports.[167][168]
Finland has four privately owned nuclear reactors producing 18% of the country's energy[170] and one research reactor (decommissioned 2018 [171]) at the Otaniemi campus. The fifth AREVA-Siemens-built reactor – the world's largest at 1600 MWe and a focal point of Europe's nuclear industry – has faced many delays and is currently scheduled to be operational by 2018–2020, a decade after the original planned opening.[172] A varying amount (5–17%) of electricity has been imported from Russia (at around 3 gigawatt power line capacity), Sweden and Norway.
The Onkalo spent nuclear fuel repository is currently under construction at the Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in the municipality of Eurajoki, on the west coast of Finland, by the company Posiva.[173] Energy companies are about to increase nuclear power production, as in July 2010 the Finnish parliament granted permits for additional two new reactors.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Finland
Finland's road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual state operated road network expenditure of around €1 billion is paid for with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around €1.5 billion and €1 billion, respectively. Among the Finnish highways, the most significant and busiest main roads include the Turku Highway (E18), the Tampere Highway (E12), the Lahti Highway (E75), and the ring roads (Ring I and Ring III) of the Helsinki metropolitan area and the Tampere Ring Road of the Tampere urban area.[174]
The main international passenger gateway is Helsinki Airport, which handled about 17 million passengers in 2016. Oulu Airport is the second largest, whilst another 25 airports have scheduled passenger services.[175] The Helsinki Airport-based Finnair, Blue1, and Nordic Regional Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle sell air services both domestically and internationally. Helsinki has an optimal location for great circle (i.e. the shortest and most efficient) routes between Western Europe and the Far East.
Despite having a low population density, the Government annually spends around €350 million to maintain the Template:Convert network of railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by the state owned VR Group, which has a 5% passenger market share (out of which 80% are from urban trips in Greater Helsinki) and 25% cargo market share.[176] Since 12 December 2010, Karelian Trains, a joint venture between Russian Railways and VR Group, has been running Alstom Pendolino operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's Finlyandsky and Helsinki's Central railway stations. These services are branded as "Allegro" trains. The journey from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg takes only three and a half hours. A high-speed rail line is planned between Helsinki and Turku, with a line from the capital to Tampere also proposed.[177] Helsinki opened the world's northernmost metro system in 1982, which also serves the neighbouring city of Espoo since 2017.
The majority of international cargo shipments are handled at ports. Vuosaari Harbour in Helsinki is the largest container port in Finland; others include Kotka, Hamina, Hanko, Pori, Rauma, and Oulu. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, Stockholm and Travemünde. The Helsinki-Tallinn route – one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world – has also been served by a helicopter line, and the Helsinki-Tallinn Tunnel has been proposed to provide railway services between the two cities.[178] Largely following the example of the Øresund Bridge between Sweden and Denmark, the Kvarken Bridge connecting Umeå in Sweden and Vaasa in Finland to cross the Gulf of Bothnia has also been planned for decades.[179]
Industry
Main article: Economy of Finland
Finland rapidly industrialized after World War II, achieving GDP per capita levels comparable to that of Japan or the UK in the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, most of the economic development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry" (metalliteollisuus) and "forest industry" (metsäteollisuus). The "metal industry" includes shipbuilding, metalworking, the automotive industry, engineered products such as motors and electronics, and production of metals and alloys including steel, copper and chromium. Many of the world's biggest cruise ships, including MS Freedom of the Seas and the Oasis of the Seas have been built in Finnish shipyards.[180] [181] The "forest industry" includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is often considered a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources, as 73% of the area is covered by forest. In the pulp and paper industry, many major companies are based in Finland; Ahlstrom-Munksjö, Metsä Board, and UPM are all Finnish forest-based companies with revenues exceeding €1 billion. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics (Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), petroleum (Neste), and video games (Rovio Entertainment), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing, with manufacturing declining in importance; agriculture remains a minor part. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland possibly more vulnerable to global economic trends.
In 2017, the Finnish economy was estimated to consist of approximately 2.7% agriculture, 28.2% manufacturing and 69.1% services.[182] In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $48,869. In 2020, Finland was ranked 20th on the ease of doing business index, among 190 jurisdictions.
Public policy
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Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model.[183] Nordics have been free-trading and relatively welcoming to skilled migrants for over a century, though in Finland immigration is relatively new. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products.[183]
Finland has top levels of economic freedom in many areas.Template:Clarify Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global Index of Economic Freedom and 9th in Europe.[184] While the manufacturing sector is thriving, the OECD points out that the service sector would benefit substantially from policy improvements.[185]
The 2007 IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook ranked Finland 17th most competitive.[186] The World Economic Forum 2008 index ranked Finland the 6th most competitive.[187] In both indicators, Finland's performance was next to Germany, and significantly higher than most European countries. In the Business competitiveness index 2007–2008 Finland ranked third in the world.
Economists attribute much growth to reforms in the product markets. According to the OECD, only four EU-15 countries have less regulated product markets (UK, Ireland, Denmark and Sweden) and only one has less regulated financial markets (Denmark). Nordic countries were pioneers in liberalizing energy, postal, and other markets in Europe.[183] The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries.[184] Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured.[184] Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the Corruption Perceptions Index[188] and 13th in the Ease of doing business index. This indicates exceptional ease in cross-border trading (5th), contract enforcement (7th), business closure (5th), tax payment (83rd), and low worker hardship (127th).[189]
Finnish law forces all workers to obey the national contracts that are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union. The unionization rate is high (70%), especially in the middle class (AKAVA—80%). A lack of a national agreement in an industry is considered an exception.[143][183]
Tourism
Main article: Tourism in Finland
In 2017, tourism in Finland grossed approximately €15.0 billion with a 7% increase from the previous year. Of this, €4.6 billion (30%) came from foreign tourism.[194] In 2017, there were 15.2 million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7 million overnight stays of foreign tourists.[195] Much of the sudden growth can be attributed to the globalisation of the country as well as a rise in positive publicity and awareness. While Russia remains the largest market for foreign tourists, the biggest growth came from Chinese markets (35%).[195] Tourism contributes roughly 2.7% to Finland's GDP, making it comparable to agriculture and forestry.[196]
Commercial cruises between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region, including Helsinki, Turku, Mariehamn, Tallinn, Stockholm, and Travemünde, play a significant role in the local tourism industry. There are also separate ferry connections dedicated to tourism in the vicinity of Helsinki and its region, such as the connection to the fortress island of Suomenlinna[197] or the connection to the old town of Porvoo.[198] By passenger counts, the Port of Helsinki is the busiest port in the world after the Port of Dover in the United Kingdom and the Port of Tallinn in Estonia.[199] The Helsinki-Vantaa International Airport is the fourth busiest airport in the Nordic countries in terms of passenger numbers,[200] and about 90% of Finland's international air traffic passes through the airport.[201]
Lapland has the highest tourism consumption of any Finnish region.[196] Above the Arctic Circle, in midwinter, there is a polar night, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, midnight sun in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight (for up to 73 consecutive days, at the northernmost point). Lapland is so far north that the aurora borealis, fluorescence in the high atmosphere due to solar wind, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of Saint Nicholas or Santa Claus, with several theme parks, such as Santa Claus Village and Santa Park in Rovaniemi.[202] Other significant tourist destinations in Lapland also include ski resorts (such as Ylläs, Levi and Ruka)[203] and sleigh rides led by either reindeer or huskies.[204][205]
Tourist attractions in Finland include the natural landscape found throughout the country as well as urban attractions. Finland is covered with thick pine forests, rolling hills, and lakes. Finland contains 40 national parks (such as the Koli National Park in North Karelia), from the Southern shores of the Gulf of Finland to the high fells of Lapland. Outdoor activities range from Nordic skiing, golf, fishing, yachting, lake cruises, hiking, and kayaking, among many others. Bird-watching is popular for those fond of avifauna, however hunting is also popular. Elk and hare are common game in Finland.
Finland also has urbanised regions with many cultural events and activities. The most famous tourist attractions in Helsinki include the Helsinki Cathedral and the Suomenlinna sea fortress. The most well-known Finnish amusement parks include Linnanmäki in Helsinki, Särkänniemi in Tampere, PowerPark in Kauhava, Tykkimäki in Kouvola and Nokkakivi in Laukaa.[206] St. Olaf's Castle (Olavinlinna) in Savonlinna hosts the annual Savonlinna Opera Festival,[207] and the medieval milieus of the cities of Turku, Rauma and Porvoo also attract curious spectators.[208]
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Finland
The population of Finland is currently about 5.5 million. The current birth rate is 10.42 per 1,000 residents, for a fertility rate of 1.49 children born per woman,[209] one of the lowest in the world, significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman.[210] Finland has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 42.6 years.[211] Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old.[212][75][213][214] Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and Iceland, and the lowest population density of any European Union member country. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanisation. Two of the three largest cities in Finland are situated in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area—Helsinki and Espoo, and some municipalities in the metropolitan area have also shown clear growth of population year after year, the most notable being Järvenpää, Nurmijärvi, Kirkkonummi, Kerava and Sipoo.[215] In the largest cities of Finland, Tampere holds the third place after Helsinki and Espoo while also Helsinki-neighbouring Vantaa is the fourth. Other cities with population over 100,000 are Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Kuopio, and Lahti. On the other hand, Sottunga of the Åland Islands is the smallest municipality in Finland in terms of population (Luhanka in mainland Finland),[216] and Savukoski of Lapland is sparsely populated in terms of population density.[217]
Template:As of, there were 423,494 people with a foreign background living in Finland (7.7% of the population), most of whom are from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq and former Yugoslavia.[218][219] The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship, as Finnish nationality law practices and maintain jus sanguinis policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens.[220] Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of Soviet Union, retain the right of return, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship.[221] 387,215 people in Finland in 2018 were born in another country, representing 7% of the population. The 10 largest foreign born groups are (in order) from Russia, Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, Somalia, China, Thailand, Serbia, Vietnam and Turkey.[222]
Finland's immigrant population is growing. By 2035, the three largest cites in Finland are projected to have over a quarter of residents of a foreign-speaking background: in Helsinki, they are projected to form 26% of the population; in Espoo, 30%; and in Vantaa, 34%. The Helsinki region is projected to have 437,000 people of a foreign linguistic background, compared to 201,000 in 2019.[223]
Language
Main article: Finnish language
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Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south (such as Raseborg,[224] Pargas,[225] Närpes,[225] Kristinestad,[226] Jakobstad[227] and Nykarleby.[228]) and in the autonomous region of Åland, which is the only monolingual Swedish-speaking region in Finland.[229] The native language of 87.3% of the population is Finnish,[230][231] which is part of the Finnic subgroup of the Uralic languages. The language is one of only four official EU languages not of Indo-European origin, and has no relation to the other national languages of the Nordics. Conversely, Finnish is closely related to Estonian and Karelian, and more distantly to Hungarian and the Sami languages.
Swedish is the native language of 5.2% of the population (Swedish-speaking Finns).[232] Finnish is dominant in all the country's larger cities; though Helsinki, Turku and Vaasa were once predominantly Swedish-speaking, they have undergone a language shift since the 19th century to become largely Finnish-speaking.
Swedish is a compulsory school subject and general knowledge of the language is good among non-native speakers. In 2005, a total of 47% of Finnish citizens reported the ability to speak Swedish, either as primary or a secondary language.[233] Likewise, a majority of mainland Sweden Finns are able to speak Finnish. However, most Sweden Finnish youth reported seldom using Finnish: 71% reported always or mostly speaking Swedish in social settings outside of their households.[234] The Finnish side of the land border with Sweden is unilingually Finnish-speaking, with a stark language divide over the Torne River: on the Swedish side, a Northern Swedish accent can be heard that is distinct from the Swedish spoken in other parts of Finland. There is a sizeable pronunciation difference between the varieties of Swedish spoken in the two countries, although their mutual intelligibility is nearly universal.[235]
The Nordic languages and Karelian are also specially recognized in parts of Finland.
Finnish Romani is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people; Romani and Finnish Sign Language are also recognized in the constitution. There are two sign languages: Finnish Sign Language, spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people,[236] and Finland-Swedish Sign Language, spoken natively by about 150 people. Tatar is spoken by a Finnish Tatar minority of about 800 people whose ancestors moved to Finland mainly during Russian rule from the 1870s to the 1920s.[237]
The Sami language has an official status in Lapland where the Sami people predominate, numbering around 7,000[238] and recognized as an indigenous people. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue.[239] The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are Northern Sami, Inari Sami, and Skolt Sami.Template:Refn
The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution.[240]
The largest immigrant languages are Russian (1.5%), Estonian (0.9%), Arabic (0.6%), Somali (0.4%) and English (0.4%).[232] English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the first grade (at seven years of age) in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead),[241][242] as a result of which Finns' English language skills have been significantly strengthened over several decades.[243][244] German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options).[245]
About 93% of Finns can speak a second language.[246] The figures in this section should be treated with caution, as they come from the official Finnish population register. People can only register one language and so bilingual or multilingual language users' language competencies are not properly included. A citizen of Finland that speaks bilingually Finnish and Swedish will often be registered as a Finnish only speaker in this system. Similarly "old domestic language" is a category applied to some languages and not others for political not linguistic reasons, for example Russian.[247]
Largest cities
Template:Largest cities of Finland
Religion
Main article: Religion in Finland
With 3.9 million members,[248] the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland is one of the largest Lutheran churches in the world and is also by far Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2019, 68.7% of Finns were members of the church.[249] The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years.[249] The decline has been due to both church membership resignations and falling baptism rates.[250][251] The second largest group, accounting for 26.3% of the population[249] in 2017, has no religious affiliation. The irreligious group rose quickly from just below 13% in the year 2000. A small minority belongs to the Finnish Orthodox Church (1.1%). Other Protestant denominations and the Roman Catholic Church are significantly smaller, as are the Jewish and other non-Christian communities (totalling 1.6%); for example, in the Protestant trend, there are about 1,500 Baptists concentrated in the region of Central Finland,[252] and there are only about 2,000 Methodists who are scattered around the country.[253] The Pew Research Center estimated the Muslim population at 2.7% in 2016.[254] The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches are national churches of Finland with special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.[255]
In 1869, Finland was the first Nordic country to disestablish its Evangelical Lutheran church by introducing the Church Act, followed by the Church of Sweden in 2000. Although the church still maintains a special relationship with the state, it is not described as a state religion in the Finnish Constitution or other laws passed by the Finnish Parliament.[256] Finland's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 1809–1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and a state church separate from Sweden, later named the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, was established. It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution.
In 2016, 69.3% of Finnish children were baptized[257] and 82.3% were confirmed in 2012 at the age of 15,[258] and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8% of its members attend church services weekly.[259] The average number of church visits per year by church members is approximately two.[260]
According to a 2010 Eurobarometer poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that they "believe there is a God"; 42% answered that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 22% that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force".[261] According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves "highly religious", and 31% "moderately religious". In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as "agnostic" and 29% as "non-religious".[262]
Health
Main article: Healthcare in Finland
Life expectancy has increased from 71 years for men and 79 years for women in 1990 to 79 years for men and 84 years for women in 2017.[263] The under-five mortality rate has decreased from 51 per 1,000 live births in 1950 to 2.3 per 1,000 live births in 2017, ranking Finland's rate among the lowest in the world.[264] The fertility rate in 2014 stood at 1.71 children born/per woman and has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 since 1969.[265] With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014.[265] A 2011 study published in The Lancet medical journal found that Finland had the lowest stillbirth rate out of 193 countries, including the UK, France and New Zealand.[266]
There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century. Lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise. More than half a million Finns suffer from diabetes, type 1 diabetes being globally the most common in Finland. Many children are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The number of musculoskeletal diseases and cancers are increasing, although the cancer prognosis has improved. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular depression.[267] Treatment for depression has improved and as a result the historically high suicide rates have declined to 13 per 100 000 in 2017, closer to the North European average.[268] Suicide rates are still among the highest among developed countries in the OECD.[269]
There are 307 residents for each doctor.[270] About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation.
In April 2012, Finland was ranked 2nd in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute.[271] Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual World Happiness Report by the United Nations,[272][273][274] as well as ranking as the happiest country in 2018.[275]
Education and science
Main article: Education in Finland
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Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at municipal level. Even though many or most schools were started as private schools, today only around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools (mostly specialist language and international schools), much less than in Sweden and most other developed countries.[277] Pre-school education is rare compared with other EU countries and formal education is usually started at the age of 7. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school three years. Most schools are managed by municipal officials.
The flexible curriculum is set by the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 16. After lower secondary school, graduates may either enter the workforce directly, or apply to trade schools or gymnasiums (upper secondary schools). Trade schools offer a vocational education: approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school.[278] Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for Abitur and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education.
In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through student benefits. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country.[279][280] The University of Helsinki is ranked 75th in the Top University Ranking of 2010.[281] The World Economic Forum ranks Finland's tertiary education No. 1 in the world.[282] Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan (37%).[283] The proportion of foreign students is 3% of all tertiary enrollments, one of the lowest in OECD, while in advanced programs it is 7.3%, still below OECD average 16.5%.[284] Other reputable universities of Finland include Aalto University in Espoo, both University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University in Turku, University of Jyväskylä, University of Oulu, LUT University in Lappeenranta and Lahti, University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio and Joensuu, and Tampere University.[285]
More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have had a significant impact.[286]
Finland has a long tradition of adult education, and by the 1980s nearly one million Finns were receiving some kind of instruction each year. Forty percent of them did so for professional reasons. Adult education appeared in a number of forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and folk high schools. Study centres allowed groups to follow study plans of their own making, with educational and financial assistance provided by the state. Folk high schools are a distinctly Nordic institution. Originating in Denmark in the 19th century, folk high schools became common throughout the region. Adults of all ages could stay at them for several weeks and take courses in subjects that ranged from handicrafts to economics.[132]
Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries.[287] In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.[288]
In addition, 38 percent of Finland's population has a university or college degree, which is among the highest percentages in the world.[289][290]
In 2010 a new law was enacted considering the universities, which defined that there are 16 of them as they were excluded from the public sector to be autonomous legal and financial entities, however enjoying special status in the legislation.[291] As result many former state institutions were driven to collect funding from private sector contributions and partnerships. The change caused deep rooted discussions among the academic circles.[292]
English language is important in Finnish education. There are a number of degree programs that are taught in English, which attracts thousands of degree and exchange students every year.
In December 2017 the OECD reported that Finnish fathers spend an average of eight minutes a day more with their school-aged children than mothers do.[293][294]
Culture
Main article: Culture of Finland
Sauna
Main article: Finnish sauna
The Finns' love for saunas is generally associated with Finnish cultural tradition in the world. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland, which is especially evident in the strong tradition around Midsummer and Christmas. In Finland, the sauna has been a traditional cure or part of the treatment for many different diseases, thanks to the heat, which why the sauna has been a very hygienic place. There is an old Finnish saying: "Jos sauna, terva ja viina ei auta, on tauti kuolemaksi." ("If sauna, tar and booze doesn't help you, then a disease is deadly").[295] The word is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sámi languages) dating back 7,000 years.[296] Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, the Baltic States, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multistory apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Public saunas were previously common, but the tradition has declined when saunas have been built nearly everywhere (private homes, municipal swimming halls, hotels, corporate headquarters, gyms, etc.). At one time, the World Sauna Championships were held in Heinola, Finland, but the death of a Russian competitor in 2010 finally stopped organizing the competitions as too dangerous.[297]
The Finnish sauna culture was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists at the 17 December 2020 meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. As authorized by the state, the Finnish Heritage Agency commits, together with Finnish sauna communities and promoters of the sauna culture, to safeguard the vitality of the sauna tradition and to highlight its importance as part of customs and wellbeing.[298][299]
Literature
Main article: Finnish literature
Written Finnish could be said to have existed since Mikael Agricola translated the New Testament into Finnish during the Protestant Reformation, but few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century and the beginning of a Finnish national Romantic Movement. This prompted Elias Lönnrot to collect Finnish and Karelian folk poetry and arrange and publish them as the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably Aleksis Kivi (The Seven Brothers), Minna Canth (Anna Liisa), Eino Leino (Template:Ill), Johannes Linnankoski (The Song of the Blood-Red Flower) and Juhani Aho (The Railroad and Juha). Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet J. L. Runeberg (The Tales of Ensign Stål) and Zachris Topelius (The Tomten in Åbo Castle).
After Finland became independent, there was a rise of modernist writers, most famously the Finnish-speaking Mika Waltari and Swedish-speaking Edith Södergran. Frans Eemil Sillanpää was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1939. World War II prompted a return to more national interests in comparison to a more international line of thought, characterized by Väinö Linna with his The Unknown Soldier and Under the North Star trilogy. Besides Lönnrot's Kalevala and Waltari, the Swedish-speaking Tove Jansson, best known as the creator of The Moomins, is the most translated Finnish writer;[300] her books have been translated into more than 40 languages.[301] Popular modern writers include Arto Paasilinna, Veikko Huovinen, Antti Tuuri, Ilkka Remes, Kari Hotakainen, Sofi Oksanen, Tuomas Kyrö, and Jari Tervo, while the best novel is annually awarded the prestigious Finlandia Prize.
Visual arts, design, and architecture
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The visual arts in Finland started to form their individual characteristics in the 19th century, when Romantic nationalism was rising in autonomic Finland. The best known of Finnish painters, Akseli Gallen-Kallela, started painting in a naturalist style, but moved to national romanticism. Other notable world-famous Finnish painters include Magnus Enckell, Pekka Halonen, Eero Järnefelt, Helene Schjerfbeck and Hugo Simberg. Finland's best-known sculptor of the 20th century was Wäinö Aaltonen, remembered for his monumental busts and sculptures. Finns have made major contributions to handicrafts and industrial design: among the internationally renowned figures are Timo Sarpaneva, Tapio Wirkkala and Ilmari Tapiovaara. Finnish architecture is famous around the world, and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as Jugendstil (or Art Nouveau), Nordic Classicism and Functionalism. Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are Eliel Saarinen and his son Eero Saarinen. Architect Alvar Aalto is regarded as among the most important 20th-century designers in the world;[302] he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an organic style.[303] Aalto is also famous for his work in furniture, lamps, textiles and glassware, which were usually incorporated into his buildings.
Music
Main article: Music of Finland
- Classical
Much of Finland's classical music is influenced by traditional Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the Kalevala. Karelian culture is perceived as the purest expression of the Finnic myths and beliefs, less influenced by Germanic influence than the Nordic folk dance music that largely replaced the kalevaic tradition. Finnish folk music has undergone a roots revival in recent decades, and has become a part of popular music.
The people of northern Finland, Sweden, and Norway, the Sami, are known primarily for highly spiritual songs called joik. The same word sometimes refers to lavlu or vuelie songs, though this is technically incorrect.
The first Finnish opera was written by the German-born composer Fredrik Pacius in 1852. Pacius also wrote the music to the poem Maamme/Vårt land (Our Country), Finland's national anthem. In the 1890s Finnish nationalism based on the Kalevala spread, and Jean Sibelius became famous for his vocal symphony Kullervo. He soon received a grant to study runo singers in Karelia and continued his rise as the first prominent Finnish musician. In 1899 he composed Finlandia, which played its important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures and is a symbol of the nation. Another one of the most significant and internationally best-known Finnish-born classical composers long before Sibelius was Bernhard Crusell.[304]
- Modern
Iskelmä (coined directly from the German word Schlager, meaning "hit") is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song.[305] Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of dance music; tango, a style of Argentine music, is also popular.[306] The light music in Swedish-speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent rock bands, jazz musicians, hip hop performers, dance music acts, etc.[307]Template:Additional citation needed Also, at least a couple of Finnish polkas are known worldwide, such as Säkkijärven polkka[308] and Ievan polkka.[309]
During the early 1960s, the first significant wave of Finnish rock groups emerged, playing instrumental rock inspired by groups such as The Shadows. Around 1964, Beatlemania arrived in Finland, resulting in further development of the local rock scene. During the late 1960s and '70s, Finnish rock musicians increasingly wrote their own music instead of translating international hits into Finnish. During the decade, some progressive rock groups such as Tasavallan Presidentti and Wigwam gained respect abroad but failed to make a commercial breakthrough outside Finland. This was also the fate of the rock and roll group Hurriganes. The Finnish punk scene produced some internationally acknowledged names including Terveet Kädet in the 1980s. Hanoi Rocks was a pioneering 1980s glam rock act that inspired the American hard rock group Guns N' Roses, among others.[310]
Many Finnish metal bands have gained international recognition; Finland has been often called the "Promised Land of Heavy Metal", because there are more than 50 metal Bands for every 100,000 inhabitants – more than any other nation in the world.[311][312]
Cinema and television
Main article: Cinema of Finland
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In the film industry, notable directors include brothers Mika and Aki Kaurismäki, Dome Karukoski, Antti Jokinen, Jalmari Helander, Mauritz Stiller, Edvin Laine, Teuvo Tulio, Spede Pasanen, and Hollywood film director and producer Renny Harlin. Internationally well-known Finnish actors and actresses include Jasper Pääkkönen, Peter Franzén, Laura Birn, Irina Björklund, Samuli Edelmann, Krista Kosonen, Ville Virtanen and Joonas Suotamo. Around twelve feature films are made each year.[313]
One of the most internationally successful Finnish films are The White Reindeer, directed by Erik Blomberg in 1952, which won the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Film in 1956, five years after its limited release in the United States;[314][315] The Man Without a Past, directed by Aki Kaurismäki in 2002, which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 2002 and won the Grand Prix at the 2002 Cannes Film Festival;[316] and The Fencer, directed by Klaus Härö in 2015, which was nominated for the 73rd Golden Globe Awards in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production.[317]
In Finland, the most significant films include The Unknown Soldier, directed by Edvin Laine in 1955, which is shown on television every Independence Day.[318] Here, Beneath the North Star from 1968, also directed by Laine, which includes the Finnish Civil War from the perspective of the Red Guards, is also one of the most significant works in Finnish history.[319] A 1960 crime comedy film Inspector Palmu's Mistake, directed by Matti Kassila, was voted in 2012 the best Finnish film of all time by Finnish film critics and journalists in a poll organized by Yle Uutiset,[320] but the 1984 comedy film Uuno Turhapuro in the Army, the ninth film in the Uuno Turhapuro film series, remains Finland's most seen domestic film made since 1968 by Finnish audience.[321]
Although Finland's television offerings are largely known for their domestic dramas, such as the long-running soap opera series Salatut elämät,[322][323] there are also internationally known drama series, such as Template:Ill and Bordertown.[324] One of Finland's most internationally successful TV shows are the backpacking travel documentary series Madventures and the reality TV show The Dudesons.
Media and communications
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Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world.[325]
Today, there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, three digital radio channels and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels.
Each year, around 12,000 book titles are published and 12 million records are sold.[313]
Sanoma publishes the newspapers Helsingin Sanomat (its circulation of 412,000[326] making it the largest) and Aamulehti, the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat and the television channel Nelonen. The other major publisher Alma Media publishes over thirty magazines, including the tabloid Iltalehti and commerce-oriented Kauppalehti. Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers.[327]
Yle, the Finnish Broadcasting Company, operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. Yle is funded through a mandatory television license and fees for private broadcasters. All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus).
In regards to telecommunication infrastructure, Finland is the highest ranked country in the World Economic Forum's Network Readiness Index (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. Finland ranked 1st overall in the 2014 NRI ranking, unchanged from the year before.[328] This is shown in its penetration throughout the country's population. Around 79% of the population use the Internet (2007).[329] Finland had around 1.52 million broadband Internet connections by the end of June 2007 or around 287 per 1,000 inhabitants.[330] All Finnish schools and public libraries have Internet connections and computers and most residents have a mobile phone.[331]
Cuisine
Main article: Finnish cuisine
Finnish cuisine is notable for generally combining traditional country fare and haute cuisine with contemporary style cooking. Fish and meat play a prominent role in traditional Finnish dishes from the western part of the country, while the dishes from the eastern part have traditionally included various vegetables and mushrooms. Refugees from Karelia contributed to foods in eastern Finland. Many regions have strongly branded traditional delicacies, such as Tampere has mustamakkara[332] and Kuopio has kalakukko.[333]
Finnish foods often use wholemeal products (rye, barley, oats) and berries (such as bilberries, lingonberries, cloudberries, and sea buckthorn). Milk and its derivatives like buttermilk are commonly used as food, drink, or in various recipes. Various turnips were common in traditional cooking, but were replaced with the potato after its introduction in the 18th century.
According to the statistics, red meat consumption has risen, but still Finns eat less beef than many other nations, and more fish and poultry. This is mainly because of the high cost of meat in Finland.
Finland has the world's highest per capita consumption of coffee.[334] Milk consumption is also high, at an average of about Template:Convert, per person, per year,[335] even though 17% of the Finns are lactose intolerant.[336]
Public holidays
Main article: Public holidays in Finland
There are several holidays in Finland, of which perhaps the most characteristic of Finnish culture include Christmas (joulu), Midsummer (juhannus), May Day (vappu) and Independence Day (itsenäisyyspäivä). Of these, Christmas and Midsummer are special in Finland because the actual festivities take place on eves, such as Christmas Eve (jouluaatto)[337][338] and Midsummer's Eve (juhannusaatto),[339][340] while Christmas Day (joulupäivä) and Midsummer's Day (juhannuspäivä) are more consecrated to rest. Other public holidays in Finland are New Year's Day (uudenvuodenpäivä), Epiphany (loppiainen), Good Friday (pitkäperjantai), Easter Sunday (pääsiäissunnuntai) and Easter Monday (pääsiäismaanantai), Ascension Day (helatorstai), All Saints' Day (pyhäinpäivä) and Saint Stephen's Day (tapaninpäivä). All official holidays in Finland are established by Acts of Parliament. On the other hand, laskiainen that is strongly part of the Finnish tradition is not defined as a public holiday in relation to the above-mentioned holidays.[341]
Sports
Main article: Sport in Finland
Various sporting events are popular in Finland. Pesäpallo, resembling baseball, is the national sport of Finland, although the most popular sport in terms of spectators is ice hockey. The Ice Hockey World Championships 2016 final, Finland-Canada, was watched by 69% of Finnish people on TV.[342] Other popular sports include athletics, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, football, volleyball and basketball.[343] While ice hockey is the most popular sport when it comes to attendance at games, association football is the most played team sport in terms of the number of players in the country and is also the most appreciated sport in Finland.[344][345]
In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best performing country in Olympic history.[346] Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the Olympic Games in 1908, while still an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire. At the 1912 Summer Olympics, great pride was taken in the three gold medals won by the original "Flying Finn" Hannes Kolehmainen.
Finland was one of the most successful countries at the Olympic Games before World War II. At the 1924 Summer Olympics, Finland, a nation then of only 3.2 million people, came second in the medal count. In the 1920s and '30s, Finnish long-distance runners dominated the Olympics, with Paavo Nurmi winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals between 1920 and 1928 and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time.
For over 100 years, Finnish male and female athletes have consistently excelled at the javelin throw. The event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records.
The 1952 Summer Olympics were held in Helsinki. Other notable sporting events held in Finland include the 1983 and 2005 World Championships in Athletics.
Finland also has a notable history in figure skating. Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating, and Finland is considered one of the best countries at the sport.
Some of the most popular recreational sports and activities include floorball, Nordic walking, running, cycling, and skiing (alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, and ski jumping). Floorball, in terms of registered players, occupies third place after football and ice hockey. According to the Finnish Floorball Federation, floorball is the most popular school, youth, club and workplace sport.[347] Template:As of, the total number of licensed players reaches 57,400.[348]
Especially since the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup, Finland's national basketball team has received widespread public attention. More than 8,000 Finns travelled to Spain to support their team. Overall, they chartered more than 40 airplanes.[349]
See also
Notes
Citations
References
Citations
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- ↑ Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office, in 1906. New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote, in 1893. But women did not get the right to run for the New Zealand legislature, until 1919.
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- ↑ Kaupunkien ja kuntien lukumäärät ja väestötiedot – Kuntaliitto (in Finnish)
- ↑ Kuntien pinta-alat ja asukastiheydet – Kuntaliitto (in Finnish)
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- ↑ Karjalainen – Kastettujen määrä romahtanut – kirkollisista ristiäisistä luopuu yhä useampi 13 June 2016 (in Finnish)
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- ↑ . finlex.fi; Yliopistolaki 558/2009 – Säädökset alkuperäisinä – FINLEX. Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
- ↑ Educational Schizophrenia in Finland |Teivo Teivainen. Teivo.net (8 August 2013). Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
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- ↑ Jalkapallo nousi arvostetuimmaksi urheilulajiksi |Yle Urheilu. yle.fi. Retrieved on 18 May 2016.
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Further reading
- Chew, Allen F. The White Death: The Epic of the Soviet-Finnish Winter War (Template:ISBN).
- Engle, Eloise and Paananen, Pauri. The Winter War: The Soviet Attack on Finland 1939–1940 (Template:ISBN).
- Insight Guide: Finland (Template:ISBN).
- Jakobson, Max. Finland in the New Europe (Template:ISBN).
- Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko. A History of Finland (Template:ISBN).
- Klinge, Matti. Let Us Be Finns: Essays on History (Template:ISBN).
- Lavery, Jason. The History of Finland, Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations, Greenwood Press, 2006 (Template:ISBN, Template:ISSN).
- Lewis, Richard D. Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf (Template:ISBN).
- Lonely Planet: Finland (Template:ISBN)
- Mann, Chris. Hitler's Arctic War: The German Campaigns in Norway, Finland, and the USSR 1940–1945 (Template:ISBN).
- Rusama, Jaakko. Ecumenical Growth in Finland (Template:ISBN).
- Singleton, Fred. A Short History of Finland (Template:ISBN).
- Subrenat, Jean-Jacques. Listen, there's music from the forest; a brief presentation of the Kuhmo Chamber Music Festival (Template:ISBN).
- Swallow, Deborah. Culture Shock! Finland: A Guide to Customs and Etiquette (Template:ISBN).
- Trotter, William R. A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940 (Template:ISBN).
External links
- Finland. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Template:Curlie
- Finland profile from the BBC News
- Key Development Forecasts for Finland from International Futures
- Population in Finland 1750–2010
- Appendix figure 2. The largest groups by native language 2001 and 2011 (Statistics Finland)
- Official statistical information about Finland from Findicator.
Government
- This is Finland, the official English-language online portal (administered by the Finnish Ministry for Foreign Affairs)
- Finland (University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Government Publications)
Maps
Travel
Template:Finland topics Template:Navboxes Template:Authority control Template:Coord
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The first soyjak raid on Your World of Text occured on June 7, 2021. It was fairly minor and was quickly forgotten due to the original thread being lost to the Captain Coal incident. The second raid began on June 10, 2021 and is still ongoing. Massive amounts of ASCIIjaks and Sneed spam could be found across the canvas, invoking the rage of several Brazillians using the site, however these were mostly erased in the early morning of June 13. A rebuilding effort is ongoing, with skirmishes between soyjak.party raiders, a Trollface spammer, and a Ballmerposter being documented.
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{{subst::You will hang, pedophile}}
Template:For Template:For2 Template:Short description Template:Very long Template:Dynamic list Template:Sp This is a list of dramatic television series (including web television and miniseries) that premiered in the 2010s which feature lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender characters. Non-binary, pansexual, asexual, and graysexual characters are also included. The orientation can be portrayed on-screen, described in the dialogue or mentioned.
2010
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010–2013 | Template:Sortname | Showtime | Lee | Hugh Dancy | Lee is gay and has stage IV cancer, which he eventually succumbs to.[1] |
| 2010–2014 | Boardwalk Empire | HBO | Angela Darmody | Aleksa Palladino | Angela is bisexual, a housewife and mother, who falls in love with Louise.[2] |
| Mary Dittrich | Lisa Joyce | Mary is bisexual, and a photographer's assistant to her husband.[2] | |||
| Louise Bryant | Kristen Sieh | Louise is a lesbian, and a bohemian from San Francisco. She is killed by a mobster.[2] | |||
| 2010–2013 | Dance Academy | ABC1 ABC3 |
Sammy Lieberman | Tom Green | Sammy is a student at the fictional National Academy of Dance. Sammy is in a relationship with Ollie, until his death.[3] |
| Ollie Lloyd | Keiynan Lonsdale | Ollie is in a relationship with Sammy until he dies, and then he dates Rhys O'Leary.[3][4] | |||
| Christian Reed | Jordan Rodrigues | Christian is Sammy's roommate, they share a kiss in season one.[5] | |||
| Rhys O'Leary | Richard Brancatisano | Rhys dates Ollie, after Sammy dies.[3] | |||
| 2010–2015 | Downton Abbey | ITV PBS |
Thomas Barrow | Rob James-Collier | Thomas is gay. He is a footman in the aristocratic Crawley household and hides his sexuality due to the criminality of the time period. He also appears in the movie adaption.[6] |
| Duke of Crowborough | Charlie Cox | The Duke of Crowborough is Lady Mary's suitor and Thomas's lover in the opening of the show.[6] | |||
| 2010–2011 | Gigantic | TeenNick | Ryan Katins | Greg Ellis | Ryan is gay and the adoptive father of lead characters Piper and Finn. An action movie superstar, his children find him in bed with his boyfriend Charlie in the episode "Carpe Diem".[7] |
| Charlie Maddock | Don O. Knowlton | Charlie is gay and Ryan's boyfriend.[7] | |||
| 2010–2011 | Hellcats | Template:Sortname | Darwin | Jeremy Wong | Darwin is a gay cheerleader.[8] |
| 2010–2011 | Law & Order: LA | NBC | Lt. Arleen Gonzales | Rachel Ticotin | Arleen is a lesbian. In the episode "El Sereno", Gonzales is accused of racial bigotry in a murder investigation. At trial she comes out, testifying that the bigotry she has faced for being gay has led her to overcome her own bigotry.[9] |
| 2010–2012 | Lip Service | BBC Three | Cat McKenzie | Laura Fraser | Cat is a lesbian, and an architect whose girlfriend is a police officer.[10] |
| Frankie Alan | Ruta Gedmintas | Frankie is bisexual.[10] | |||
| Tess Roberts | Fiona Button | Tess is a lesbian. She is Cat's roommate and a struggling actor.[10] | |||
| Sgt Sam Murray | Heather Peace | Sam is a lesbian police officer, and Cat's girlfriend.[10] | |||
| Sadie Anderson | Natasha O'Keeffe | Sadie is a lesbian, and a borderline criminal.[11] | |||
| Lexy Price | Anna Skellern | Lexy is lesbian, and a Doctor. In season 2 she has a crush on Sam.[10] | |||
| Declan Love | Adam Sinclair | Declan is gay and Lexy's best friend.[12] | |||
| Lou Foster | Roxanne McKee | Lou is a closeted bisexual, who has a secret relationship with Tess.[11] | |||
| Lauren | Neve McIntosh | Lauren is lesbian, and an editor at a Scottish arts, culture and fashion magazine. Her partner is Jo.[13] | |||
| Jo | Valerie Edmond | Jo is a lesbian art dealer, and Lauren's long-term partner.[13] | |||
| 2010–2015 | Lost Girl | Showcase | Bo Dennis | Anna Silk | Bo is a bisexual succubus, meaning she can and often does drain the life force of others through intimate contact.[14][15] |
| Lauren Lewis | Zoie Palmer | Lauren is lesbian, and a Doctor to the Fae.[15] | |||
| Evony Fleurette Marquise | Emmanuelle Vaugier | Evony (aka The Morrigain), is bisexual and queen of the dark Fae. She lost her powers after oral sex with Lauren.[15][16] | |||
| Vex | Paul Amos | Vex is bisexual, and ends up with Mark in the final episodes of the series.[16] | |||
| Nadia | Athena Karkanis | Nadia is lesbian, and Lauren's girlfriend.[15] | |||
| Tamsin | Rachel Skarsten | Tamsin is a bisexual Valkyrie who works as a bounty hunter and mercenary for the Dark Fae.[15][16] | |||
| Crystal | Ali Liebert | Crystal is a lesbian waitress.[15] | |||
| Mark | Luke Bilyk | Mark is bisexual, and ends up with Vex.[16] | |||
| Dagny | Olivia Scriven | Dagny is pansexual and Tamsin's daughter.[15] | |||
| 2010–2019 | Luther | BBC | Emma Lane | Rose Leslie | Emma is lesbian and Luther's new partner (season four).[17] |
| 2010 | Outlaw | NBC | Lucinda Pearl | Carly Pope | Lucinda is bisexual and a private investigator.[18] |
| 2010–2015 | Parenthood | NBC | Haddie Braverman | Sarah Ramos | Haddie is bisexual, and dates a few boys before figuring out she is into girls. She eventually begins dating Lauren.[19] |
| Lauren | Tavi Gevinson | Lauren is lesbian, and Haddie's girlfriend from college.[20] | |||
| 2010–2017 | Pretty Little Liars | Freeform | Emily Fields | Shay Mitchell | Emily realizes that she is a lesbian in Season 1 when she begins a romance with Maya and comes out to her father. She later marries Alison.[21] |
| Maya St. Germain | Bianca Lawson | Maya is lesbian, and Emily's first girlfriend.[21][22] | |||
| Paige McCullers | Lindsey Shaw | Paige is lesbian, and on the high school's swim team. She dates Emily for a while.[21] | |||
| Samara Cook | Claire Holt | Samara is a lesbian. She and Emily dated, but Samara did not want to be exclusive.[21] | |||
| Alison DiLaurentis | Sasha Pieterse | Alison is bisexual, and manipulative, secretive, and vindictive. She ends up marrying Emily and they had twins.[21] | |||
| Shana Fring | Aeriél Miranda | Shana is a lesbian, and works at a Halloween themed store. She dated Jenna and briefly dated Paige. She died after falling off a stage from being hit in the head with a gun.[21] | |||
| Talia Sandoval | Miranda Rae Mayo | Talia is lesbian, and she dated Emily for a while.[21] | |||
| Jenna Marshall | Tammin Sursok | Jenna is bisexual. She dated Shana for a while, but also forced herself on her step-brother.[21] | |||
| Charlotte DiLaurentis | Vanessa Ray | Charlotte is a trans woman, who is murdered after her reveal.[21][23] | |||
| Sabrina | Lulu Brud | Sabrina is a lesbian, and manager of a coffee shop, who also had cancer.[21] | |||
| Sara Harvey | Dre Davis | Sara is bisexual, and is found dead in a hotel bathtub.[21] | |||
| Rachel | Amelia Leigh Harris | Rachel is lesbian, and Sabrina's girlfriend.[21] | |||
| 2010–2015 | Rookie Blue | Global | Gail Peck | Charlotte Sullivan | Gail is lesbian. Although she has a history with men in the first three seasons, in season 4 she comes out to herself after she meets forensic pathologist Holly Stewart.[24][25][26] |
| Holly Stewart | Aliyah O'Brien | Holly is lesbian. She is a forensic pathologist from Toronto who ran off to San Francisco. She dates Gail Peck.[27] | |||
| Frankie Anderson | Katharine Isabelle | Frankie is lesbian. After Holly leaves for San Francisco, Frankie begins dating Gail.[28] | |||
| Alex | Katy Grabstas | Alex is a trans man. He gets kicked out of his house for being transgender, and gets beat up by his girlfriend's brother, and tries to kill himself.[29] | |||
| Tabby Barnes | Tulsi Balram | Tabby is a trans woman. After she is arrested, she has to be searched. Since her drivers license says male, she is forced to be searched by a male officer.[30] | |||
| Jen Luck | Alexandra Ordolis | Jen is a lesbian police officer. She hits on Gail like a teenaged boy.[31] | |||
| Lisa | Lara Gilchrist | Lisa is a lesbian, and one of Holly's best friends since medical school.[32] | |||
| 2010 | Rubicon | AMC | Kale Ingram | Arliss Howard | Kale is gay, and a director at an intelligence agency. His partner is Walter Carrington.[33][34] |
| Walter Carrington | Jon Patrick Walker | Walter is gay and Kale's partner.[33][34] | |||
| Donald Bloom | Michael Gaston | Donald is an ex-lover and colleague of Kale Ingram.[33][34] | |||
| 2010–2017 | Sherlock | BBC One | Irene Adler | Lara Pulver | Irene is bisexual. She identifies as a lesbian but becomes attracted to Sherlock.[35] |
| Jim Moriarty | Andrew Scott | Jim is gay and Sherlock's arch enemy.[36] | |||
| Eurus Holmes | Sian Brooke | Eurus is pansexual, and Sherlock's lost sister that has been locked up in an institution since a young age. She is smarter than her brothers, and incredibly manipulative.[37] | |||
| 2010–2013 | Spartacus | Starz | Barca | Antonio Te Maioha | Barca is gay, and Batiatus's bodyguard and sometimes hit man.[38] |
| Pietros | Eka Darville | Pietros is gay, and Barcas' lover.[39] | |||
| Auctus | Josef Brown | Auctus is gay, and Barca' lover after Pietros is killed.[39] | |||
| Agron | Daniel Feuerriegel | Agron is a gay rebel warrior, in a relationship with Nasir.[40] | |||
| Nasir | Pana Hema Taylor | Nasir is a gay rebel warrior, in a relationship with Agron.[40] | |||
| Saxa | Ellen Hollman | Saxa is bisexual and one of a group of Germanic prisoners rescued from a slave ship.[41] | |||
| Belesa | Luna Rioumina | Belesa is bisexual and a Thracian slave.[41] | |||
| Tiberius | Christian Antidormi | Tiberius is gay.[42] | |||
| Castus | Blessing Mokgohloa | Castus is a gay pirate.[43] | |||
| Gaia | Jaime Murray | Gaia is bisexual.[44] | |||
| Lucretia | Lucy Lawless | Lucretia is bisexual. She died in Spartacus: Vengance.[41] | |||
| 2010–2015 | Strike Back | Sky1 Cinemax |
James Leatherby | Dougray Scott | Leatherby is gay, and a former SAS officer. He is also insanely jealous.[45] |
| Fahran | Daniel Ben Zenou | Fahran is Leatherby's lover. James shoots Fahran in the hand when he suspects Fahran of cheating on him with a bartender. He shoots the bartender in the back.[45] | |||
| 2010 | Thorne | Sky1 HD | Phil Hendricks | Aidan Gillen | Phil is a gay forensic pathologist. The show is based on the novels of author Mark Billingham.[46] |
| 2010–2012 | Upstairs Downstairs | BBC | Blanche Mottershead | Alex Kingston | Blanche is lesbian, and is a patron of the British Museum and an expert Egyptologist. She has a relationship with Portia that ends badly.[47] |
| Portia Alresford | Emilia Fox | Porits is lesbian, and Blanche's lover. She is a bohemian novelist.[48] | |||
| 2010 | Template:Sortname | ABC | Alejo Salazar | Anthony Ruivivar | Alejo is a gay attorney.[49] |
2011
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011– | Black Mirror | Netflix | Yorkie | Mackenzie Davis (young Yorkie) |
Yorkie is a lesbian and Kelly is her love interest, in episode "San Junipero", which is a simulated reality where the deceased can live and the elderly can visit, all inhabiting their younger selves' bodies in a time of their choice.[50][51] |
| Annabel Davis (elderly Yorkie) |
Elderly Yorkie is comatose and living in an assisted living facility, she was in a car accident 40 years prior, after coming out to her religious parents.[51][52] | ||||
| Kelly | Gugu Mbatha-Raw (young Kelly) |
Kelly is bisexual and Yorkie's love interest, in episode "San Junipero".[51][52] | |||
| Denise Burse (elderly Kelly) |
Elderly Kelly sought refuge in San Junipero after her daughter died, and her husband killed himself.[52] | ||||
| Amy | Georgina Campbell | Amy is bisexual, and in a dating simulation, trying to find her compatible other.[52] | |||
| 2011–2014 | Borgia | Canal+ | Francesc Gacet | Art Malik | In the second season it is revealed that Francesc Gacet is a homosexual (then they said sodomite).[53] |
| Giuliano della Rovere | Dejan Čukić | Giuliano della Rovere was condemned by the Council of Pisa as a sodomite. The Council said it was because of his fondness for Francesco Alidosi, and other young men.[54] | |||
| Francesco Alidosi | Matt Di Angelo | ||||
| 2011–2013 | Template:Sortname | Showtime | Micheletto Corella | Sean Harris | Micheletto is an assassin for the Borgias family. His lover is Angelino, and then later Pascal.[55] |
| Angelino | Darwin Shaw | Angelino's lover is Micheletto Corella. Micheletto tells him that his impending marriage will be a lie. Angelino replies that he must proceed anyway, given the punishment for their homosexual relationship would be "disemboweled and burnt".[55] | |||
| Pascal | Charlie Carrick | In season three, Pascal becomes Michelotto's lover.[56] | |||
| Pope Alexander VI | Jeremy Irons | Florentine friar Savonarola accused Alexander VI of having same-sex affairs. He is generally considered by history as the most morally bankrupt pope in the church's history.[57][58] | |||
| 2011 | Crownies | ABC1 | Janet King | Marta Dusseldorp | Janet is a lesbian who lives with her partner Ashleigh Larsson, and she becomes pregnant via IVF.[59] Her character continued in the Janet King spin-off. |
| Ashleigh Larsson | Aimee Pedersen | Ashleigh is lesbian, and Janet's partner. She was shot and killed between seasons.[60] | |||
| 2011–2019 | Game of Thrones | HBO | Renly Baratheon | Gethin Anthony | Renly is the gay brother of King Robert. He is in a secret relationship with Loras Tyrell.[61] |
| Loras Tyrell | Finn Jones | Loras is gay and the Knight of Flowers. He is in a secret relationship with Renly Baratheon.[62] | |||
| Oberyn Martell | Pedro Pascal | Prince Oberyn Martell, also known as the Red Viper, was a member of House Martell, the ruling family of Dorne. He is bisexual and has eight illegitimate daughters, collectively known as the "Sand Snakes".[63][64] | |||
| Ellaria Sand | Indira Varma | Ellaria is the paramour to Oberyn Martell and mother to several of his bastard daughters, the Sand Snakes, later sent into deep mourning after the death of her lover, and is bisexual.[65] | |||
| Marei | Josephine Gillan | Marei is a bisexual prostitute in the brothel owned by Lord Petyr Baelish. She slept with men, but also Ellaria Sand.[66] | |||
| Olyvar | Will Tudor | Olyvar is a gay sex worker and a spy working for Petyr "Littlefinger" Baelish.[67][68] | |||
| Varys | Conleth Hill | Varys is asexual. He said before being castrated that he had no romantic or sexual feelings for men or women.[67][69] | |||
| Yara Greyjoy | Gemma Whelan | Yara is pansexual, and the only daughter of Lord Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands.[70][71][72] | |||
| Doreah | Roxanne McKee | Doreah is bisexual and a handmaiden to Daenerys Targaryen. She helps Dany learn how to seduce her new husband with a hands-on tutorial.[73] | |||
| Hodor | Kristian Nairn | Hodor is asexual. He was originally named Wylis, and became Hodor after having a seizure due to Bran Stark losing control of his powers during a vision of the past. His name is derived from the phrase "hold the door", the words that Hodor heard during the seizure that mentally disabled him.[67][74] | |||
| 2011–2015 | Hart of Dixie | CW | Crickett Watts | Brandi Burkhardt | Crickett is a lesbian and the leader of the Bluebell Belles, a local women's group. She comes out as a lesbian in the season finale of Season 3. In Season 4, Crickett divorces her husband and begins a romance with Jaysene.[75] |
| Jaysene Charles | Erica Piccininni | Jaysene is a lesbian who is a volunteer firefighter.[76] | |||
| 2011–2016 | Hell on Wheels | AMC | Louise Ellison | Jennifer Ferrin | Louise is bisexual and a newspaper reporter sent by the New York Tribune to cover the building of the Union Pacific Railroad; she reveals that the assignment was a punishment for exhibiting attraction toward the newspaper editors daughter.[77] |
| 2011–2014 | Template:Sortname | AMC Netflix |
Regi Darnell | Annie Corley | Regi marries her female partner in the first episode of season 3.[78] |
| Rachel "Bullet" Olmstead | Bex Taylor-Klaus | Bullet is a homeless teenage lesbian. She helps the detectives in their search for the killer of young women (season 3). She was eventually murdered by the serial killer.[78][79] | |||
| Nicole Jackson | Claudia Ferri | Nicole is lesbian and in a relationship with Roberta Drays. She's the head of the Kalimish tribe and manager of the Wapi Eagle Casino.[78][80] | |||
| Roberta Drays | Patti Kim | Roberta is lesbian and the girlfriend of Nicole Jackson. She's the security chief at the Wapi Eagle Casino.[78][81] | |||
| Ellen | Hilary Strang | Ellen is lesbian, and Regi's girlfriend, and then wife.[78] | |||
| 2011–2013 | Necessary Roughness | USA | Rex Evans | Travis Smith | Evans is the quarterback for the New York Hawks. He comes out at the end of season 2, becoming the first openly gay active football player in the show's universe.[82] |
| 2011–2018 | Once Upon a Time | ABC | Mulan | Jamie Chung | Mulan, a warrior, is lesbian and in love with Aurora.[83] |
| Ruby Lucas | Meghan Ory | Ruby aka Little Red Riding Hood, is bisexual and friends with everyone, Ruby's in love with Dorothy Gale.[84] | |||
| Dorothy Gale | Teri Reeves | Dorothy is a lesbian, and that girl from Kansas. She is cursed and only True Love's Kiss (from Ruby) can awaken her.[84] | |||
| Alice | Rose Reynolds | Alice is lesbian. In the cursed realm, she is Tilly. In Season 7 episode 10, "The Eighth Witch", she reveals that her true love is Robin. They begin a romantic relationship.[84][85] | |||
| Robin | Tiera Skovbye | Robin is a lesbian. She is the daughter of Robin Hook and Zelena (the Wicked Witch of the West).[84] | |||
| 2011–2016 | Person of Interest | CBS | Sameen Shaw | Sarah Shahi | Sameen is bisexual, a physician and a former operative for the U.S. Army Intelligence Support Activity.[86] |
| Root (Samantha Groves) | Amy Acker | Root is a lesbian and a computer genius, contract killer, and psychopath.[87] | |||
| Amy Enright | Erica Leerhsen | Amy is a lesbian, a charity director, and married to Maddie.[88] | |||
| Madeleine Enright | Sharon Leal | Madeleine is a lesbian, a physician, and married to Amy.[89] | |||
| 2011 | Template:Sortname | NBC | Bunny Alice | Leah Renee | Alice is a Playboy Bunny and secretly lesbian. She is in a sham marriage with Sean, who is gay.[90] |
| Sean Beasley | Sean Maher | Sean is gay. Alice and Sean are in a sham marriage.[91][92] | |||
| Frances Dunhill | Cassidy Freeman | Frances is a closeted lesbian, who begins dating Nick Dalton to provide him with a politically acceptable public girlfriend and to make her appear heterosexual to her father.[93] | |||
| 2011–2015 | Revenge | ABC | Nolan Ross | Gabriel Mann | Nolan is bisexual dotcom billionaire, and rates himself a 3 on the Kinsey scale.[94][95] |
| Tyler Barrol | Ashton Holmes | Tyler is a bisexual hustler, who suffers from bipolar disorder.[96] | |||
| Marco Romero | E.J. Bonilla | Marco is a past gay lover of Nolan Ross, and was CEO of NolCorp, owned by Ross. Marco appears in flashbacks and in present-day in Season 2.[97] | |||
| Patrick Osbourne | Justin Hartley | Patrick is gay and the illegitimate son of Victoria Greyson (Madeline Stowe). Patrick and Nolan had a relationship in season 3.[98] | |||
| Regina | Seychelle Gabriel | Regina is a lesbian, and once kissed a girl while she was drunk.[99] | |||
| 2011–2012 | Ringer | Template:Sortname | Olivia Charles | Jaime Murray | Olivia is a lesbian, and in a relationship with Catherine. She was previously married.[100] |
| Catherine Martin | Andrea Roth | Catherine is bisexual and in a relationship with Olivia.[100] | |||
| 2011–2016 | Scott & Bailey | ITV | Helen Bartlett | Nicola Walker | Helen is a lesbian, and emotionally disturbed. She eventually commits suicide by slashing her wrists.[101] |
| Anna Ran | Jing Lusi | Anna is a lesbian, and a detective assigned to Syndicate 9.[101] | |||
| Louise | Caroline Harding | Louise is lesbian, and was Helen Bartletts girlfriend.[101] |
Shameless (2011–2021)
| Shameless on Showtime (Seasons 1 - 11) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Character | Actor | Notes |
| Ian Gallagher | Cameron Monaghan | In the series pilot, Ian is a closeted gay, he comes out after his brother Lip (Jeremy Allen White), discovers his cache of gay pornography. Ian's first gay relationship in the series is with Kash Karib, owner of Kash and Grab, the neighborhood convenience store where Ian works. In season 1, episode 7, Ian has his first sexual encounter with Mickey Milkovich. Their relationship is on-and-off again throughout the series, with the two finally getting married in the series finale of season 10, in episode "Gallavich!". Ian's other sexual partners in the series run include, Lloyd Lishman, Caleb and Trevor.Template:Sfn |
| Monica Gallagher | Chloe Webb | Monica is bisexual, and the Gallagher clan mother. She ran off to be with a woman, and then came back and hooked up with a drug dealer. She died of a cerebral hemorrhage following a drunken night out.[102] |
| Debbie Gallagher | Emma Kenney | Debbie's sexuality is undefined, she had a child with her boyfriend Derek Delgado, and has been in lesbian relationships as well. When she sleeps with Claudia Nicolo's underage daughter, she has to register as a sex offender.[102][103][104] |
| Mickey Milkovich | Noel Fisher | In the beginning of the series, Mickey is a closeted gay. His first gay encounter is with Ian Gallagher. They maintain a secret relationship until season 3, when Mickey's dad catches them together. Mickey publicly comes out, and reveals his love for Ian in season 4, episode 11. His relationship with Ian is on-and-off again throughout the series, with the two finally getting married in the series finale of season 10, in episode "Gallavich!". Mickey has a brief relationship with Byron Koch, in order to make Ian jealous.[105] |
| Molly Milkovich | Madison Rothschild | Molly is a trans girl. She is the cousin of Mickey and Mandy Milkovich.[102] |
| Sandy Milkovich | Elise Eberle | Sandy is a lesbian, and is dating Debbie.[102] |
| Kash | Pej Vahdat | Kash is involved in a sexual relationship with Ian, owner of the Kash and Grab, where Ian works.[106] |
| Jess | Missy Doty | Jess is a lesbian bartender at the neighborhood bar, The Alibi Room.[102] |
| Lloyd Lishman | Harry Hamlin | Lloyd is a closeted gay. He picks up Ian in a gay bar in season two.[107] |
| Svetlana Fisher | Isidora Goreshter | Svetlana is bisexual and a former sex worker. She was Mickey's wife, and then was in a polyamorous relationship with Veronica and Kev in season 6.[102][108][109] |
| Veronica Fisher | Shanola Hampton | Veronica is bisexual. Veronica and Kev enter a polyamorous relationship with Svetlana in season 6.[102][108] |
| Angela | Dichen Lachman | Angela is a lesbian that frequents the diner Fiona works at, but later leaves town (season 5).[109] |
| Jasmine Hollander | Amy Smart | Jasmine is a bisexual friend of Fiona who is interested in her. After Fiona refuses to offer her financial help, Jasmine gets angry and leaves, never speaking to her again.[102] |
| Caleb | Jeff Pierre | Caleb is bisexual and was Ian's boyfriend. Caleb cheated on him with his high school girlfriend.[110][108] |
| Trevor | Elliot Fletcher | Trevor is a trans man, and an LGBT+ activist. Trevor and Ian were in a relationship in season 7.[102][110] |
| Abraham Paige | Bradley Whitford | Abraham is a gay political activist. He is powerful, well-dressed and sophisticated.[111] |
| Nessa | Jessica Szohr | Nessa is a lesbian, and Mel's girlfriend.[102][109] |
| Mel | Perry Mattfield | Mel is a lesbian, and Nessa's girlfriend.[102][109] |
| Alex | Ashley Romans | Alex is lesbian, and briefly worked with Debbie for a while. She asks Debbie out for a drink.[102][109] |
| Amanda | Nichole Bloom | Amanda is a bisexual college student and in a relationship with Lip. She exposes Lip's affair with a professor.[102][109] |
| Claudia Nicolo | Constance Zimmer | Claudia is a bisexual, and sleeps with Debbie, thinking her to be a prostitute. After Debbie makes it clear she is not a prostitute, Claudia becomes her sugar mama.[102] |
| Karen Jackson | Laura Slade Wiggins | Karen is bisexual, and was a real bitch. Her personality radically changed after a car accident almost killed her.[102][109] |
| Barb | Lea DeLaria | Barb is a lesbian, and was Lip' sponsor for Alcoholics Anonymous.[102][109] |
| Liz | Mia Barron | Liz is a lesbian, and was a customer of @DebbieHotLesbianConvict, Debbie's handyman company.[102] |
| Roberta | Carlease Burke | Roberta is lesbian, and was Monica's girlfriend for a while.[102][109] |
| Calista | Paula Andrea Placido | Calista is a lesbian, and along with her ex-wife Haley, they are opening up a new queer bar in the Gallagher's neighborhood. She hires Debbie to do a handyperson job.[102] |
| Haley | Mary Alexis Cruz | Haley is a lesbian, and she is opening up a new queer bar in the Gallagher's neighborhood, with her ex-wife Calista.[102] |
| Jill | Jenna Elfman | Jill is a lesbian, and was Monica's friend at the drug clinic, where they escape from.[102] |
| Miss June | Roxy Wood | Miss June is a trans woman, busted by the police for selling loose cigarettes.[102] |
| Geneva | Juliette Angelo | Geneva is a lesbian. She was involved in the Gay Jesus movement along with Ian, who portrayed Gay Jesus.[109] |
| The Two Lisas | Jenica Bergere | A lesbian couple, both named Lisa, who were buying up numerous properties in the Gallagher's neighborhood for a gentrification project.[109] |
| Lee Stark | ||
| Byron Koch | Adam Farabee | Byron is gay, and has a brief relationship with Mickey, who is trying to make Ian jealous. Ian ends up beating Byron up after hearing him bad mouth Mickey, in season 10, episode 10.[112] |
| Cole | Chester Lockhart | Cole is gay, and has a hook up with Ian; he found Cole on Grindr and invites him along on a date to make Mickey jealous. Cole ends up getting beat up by Mickey in season 10, episode 10.[112] |
| Tim | Michael Sasaki | Tim is gay and his partner is Brendan. Ian and Mickey meet them while shopping, in their quest to make new gay friends, in episode "Two at a Biker Bar, One in the Lake".[113][114] |
| Brendan | Brian Dare | Brendan is gay and his partner is Tim. Ian and Mickey meet them while shopping, in their quest to make new gay friends, in episode "Two at a Biker Bar, One in the Lake".[113][114] |
| Jon | Giancarlo | Jon is gay and his partner is Travis. Ian and Mickey meet them at a dinner party, in their quest to make new gay friends, in episode "Two at a Biker Bar, One in the Lake".[115][114] |
| Travis | Doug Locke | Travis is gay and his partner is Jon. Ian and Mickey meet them at a dinner party, in their quest to make new gay friends, in episode "Two at a Biker Bar, One in the Lake".[115][114] |
| Kevin's Hookup | Chris Prascus | Kevin's Hookup (Don Wessels's kid), is gay. When Kevin starts to question his sexuality, he attempts to give oral sex to his hookup, but discovers that he is not turned on, and realizes he is not gay, not even part gay. In season 8, episode "Icarus Fell And Rusty Ate Him".[116][117] |
| Tony Markovich | Tyler Jacob Moore | Tony is gay. He was the Gallagher's neighbor and a police officer. He had a thing for Fiona, but in season six, he comes out as gay to Ian Gallagher.[118][119] |
| Tommy | Michael Patrick McGill | Tommy and Kermit are regulars at The Alibi Room, Kev and Veronica's bar. When they start selling marijuana for medicinal purposes, they encourage Tommy and Kermit to try some. The duo each consume a marijuana brownie, and when Kev and Veronica aren't looking, Tommy and Kermit consume all of the brownies and all of the marijuana gummies. Later in the men's bathroom, Tommy and Kermit are sharing a sink, when Kermit makes a reach for Tommy's butt and instead of pulling away, Tommy slowly leads Kermit into the stall for a hookup.[104][118] |
| Kermit | Jim Hoffmaster | |
2011 continued
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Skins | MTV | Tea Marvelli | Sofia Black D'Elia | Tea is a bisexual cheerleader. She sleeps with Tony, but ends up with Betty.[120] |
| Betty Nardone | Blaine Morris | Betty is lesbian, and Tea's lover.[121] | |||
| 2011–2017 | Switched at Birth | Freeform | Matthew | Daniel Durant | Matthew is revealed as gay and has a crush on Emmett.[122] |
| Renzo | Alec Mapa | Renzo is gay and Kathryn's friend. Her husband John, has been openly bigoted towards Renzo.[123] | |||
| Natalie Pierce | Stephanie Nogueras | Natalie is lesbian, and comes out to Bay in season two. She and her girlfriend Hillary are not allowed into prom because Hillary is wearing a suit and pants.[124] | |||
| Hilary | Abby Walla | Hilary is a lesbian, and Natalie's girlfriend. She refuses to wear a dress at prom, having not worn one since she was 2.[125] | |||
| 2011–2015 | Waterloo Road | BBC One | Martin Dunbar | Matt Greenwood | Martin is a shy trans girl who appears in one episode, resulting in her being bulled by classmates, but still makes some friends.[126][127] |
| Nate Gurney | Scott Haining | Nate is a former student at Waterloo Road, and openly gay. He falls in love with Josh.[128] | |||
| Colin Scott | Chris Finch | Colin is gay and works for a capital management company. He is the boyfriend of Matt Wilding.[129] | |||
| Josh Stevenson | William Rush | Josh came out as gay, and is Nate's boyfriend.[130] | |||
| Matt Wilding | Chris Geere | Matt is a closeted gay musician.[131] | |||
| Jo Lipsett | Sarah-Jane Potts | Jo is a lesbian, and head of the languages department. Her career is threatened when a student falls for her.[132] | |||
| Nikki Boston | Heather Peace | Nikki is lesbian, and a teacher at the school. She and Vix left the show together.[132] | |||
| Ros McCain | Sophie McShera | Ros is a lesbian, and falls in love with her teacher, Jo Lipsett.[132] | |||
| Kacey Barry | Brogan Ellis | Kacey is a trans boy, and student at the school. After disguising himself as a boy to play in a soccer match, he realizes how much more comfortable he is as a male. Kacey decides to postpone any medical changes until after school.[132] | |||
| Lorraine Donnegan | Daniela Denby-Ashe | Lorraine is a lesbian, and philanthropist and businesswoman. She is a former pupil at the school.[132] | |||
| Vix Spark | Kristin Atherton | Vix is a lesbian, and has a homemade jewellery business. She and Nikki leave to be together.[132] |
2012
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2012–2020 | Arrow | Template:Sortname | Sara Lance | Caity Lotz (Jacqueline Wood) |
Sara is bisexual and Nyssa's ex-lover. Jacqueline Wood played Sara in her first appearance on Arrow.[133] |
| Nyssa al Ghul | Katrina Law | Nyssa is bisexual, and ex-lover to Sara. When Sara died, Nyssa had her resurrected.[133] | |||
| Curtis Holt | Echo Kellum | Curtis is the show's first openly gay character.[134] | |||
| Paul Holt | Chenier Hundal | Paul is gay, and was Curtis' husband. He left Curtis after finding out he had been working with the Green Arrow.[135] | |||
| Nick Anastas | Evan Roderick | Nick is a gay police officer, and was in a relationship with Curtis.[136] | |||
| William | Ben Lewis | In a flash-forward, William is joking about his frequently absent father, and retorts: "And my ex-boyfriend wonders why I have commitment issues". In season 7, episode "The Longbow Hunters".[137] | |||
| Kate Kane | Ruby Rose (Wallis Day) |
Kate is lesbian, and cousin of Bruce Wayne (aka Batman). At the beginning of season two, her plane crashes and she is presumed dead, but actually she is alive but unrecognizable due to injuries she sustained in the crash. At this point, Wallis Day took over the role of Kate.[133][138] | |||
| Alex Danvers | Chyler Leigh | Alex was a closeted lesbian, and then came out to herself and then finally everyone.[133] | |||
| John Constantine | Matt Ryan | John is bisexual and was brought in to deal with the fallout of the resurrection of Sara Lance, in episode "Haunted".[139] | |||
| 2012–2013 | Bomb Girls | Global | Betty McRae | Ali Liebert | Betty is a closeted lesbian with an unrequited love for her best friend. After being rejected by her, Betty meets Teresa and they become romantically involved. She is a bomb builder for the Victory Munitions factory.[140] |
| Teresa | Rachel Wilson | Teresa is lesbian and a Canadian Women's Army Corps sergeant. She is in a relationship with Betty.[141] | |||
| 2012– | Call the Midwife | BBC One | Patience "Patsy" Mount | Emerald Fennell | Patsy is a closeted lesbian, and a midwife. She is in a relationship with Delia, and they later move to Scotland.[142][143] |
| Delia Bubsy | Kate Lamb | Delia is a lesbian nurse, and in a relationship with Patsy. Delia is struck by a vehicle while riding a bicycle and awakens with amnesia, not remembering who Patsy is to her. She recovers and they are reunited.[143][144] | |||
| 2012– | Chicago Fire | NBC | Leslie Shay | Lauren German | Leslie is a lesbian, and a paramedic on Ambulance 61.[145] |
| Clarice Carthage | Shiri Appleby | Clarice is bisexual and the pregnant ex-girlfriend of Leslie. She leaves Leslie to go back to her husband.[145] | |||
| Devon | Vedette Lim | Devon is a lesbian. In season 2 Leslie briefly dates Devon, who robs her apartment and disappears.[145] | |||
| Emily Foster | Annie Ilonzeh | Emily is bisexual, and a paramedic.[145] | |||
| Darren Ritter | Daniel Kyri | Darren is gay, and a firefighter.[146] | |||
| 2012–2015 | Continuum | Showcase | Jasmine Garza | Luvia Petersen | Jasmine is bisexual, and a lethal paramilitary soldier.[147] |
| 2012 | Don't Ever Wipe Tears Without Gloves | SVT1 | Rasmus | Adam Pålsson | Rasmus is 19 and gay. After graduation. he moves from rural Värmland to Stockholm to attend college. As soon as he arrives in Stockholm he begins to seek out the gay community. He begins a relationship with Benjamin. Rasmus is later found to be HIV-positive and eventually dies.[148][149] |
| Paul | Simon J. Berger | Paul is gay, and is portrayed as the life and soul of Stockholm's gay underworld. Paul eventually contracts AIDS and dies. An early scene in the miniseries shows two nurses dressed in bio-protective clothing caring for a patient suffering from AIDS. As the nurses tend to the dying man, one nurse wipes a tear from his eye, which leads to the second nurse scolding her afterwards: "Don't ever wipe tears without gloves".[148][149] | |||
| Benjamin | Adam Lundgren | Benjamin is young and struggling to come to terms with his homosexuality and faith as a Jehovah's Witness. Benjamin begins a relationship with Rasmus, and stays by his side the entire time he is dying. Benjamin is the only one out of the three characters to survive the AIDS crisis, and is seen in the last episode reflecting about that period in his life 20 years later.[148][149] | |||
| 2012–2013 | Emily Owens, M.D. | Template:Sortname | Tyra Dupre | Kelly McCreary | Tyra is a first-year surgical intern and daughter of the chief resident, who quickly befriends Emily. She is openly lesbian.[150] |
| Jake Reeser | 3 different babies portray Jake | Jake is an intersexual baby who has a penis as well as ovaries. The parents discuss raising the child gender neutral and allowing them to decide when they are older.[151] | |||
| 2012 | GCB | ABC | Blake Reilly | Mark Deklin | Blake is a closeted gay and in a marriage of convenience with Cricket, who is aware that he is gay.[152] |
| 2012–2017 | Girls | HBO | Elijah Krantz | Andrew Rannells | Elijah is openly gay, and dates several men throughout the series, never really having a serious boyfriend.[153] |
| George | Billy Morrissette | George is gay and one of Elijah's ex-boyfriends.[154] | |||
| Dill Harcourt | Corey Stoll | Dill is gay, and a famous news anchor. He is the former boyfriend of Elijah.[153][155] | |||
| Pal | Danny Strong | Pal is gay and a condescending prick. He is a former boyfriend of Elijah.[154][156] | |||
| 2012 | Template:Sortname | CTV MuchMusic |
Kaldrick King | Andra Fuller | Kaldrick King is a closeted gay black rapper. He is in a secret relationship with Tariq.[157] |
| Tariq Muhammad | Benjamin Charles Watson | Tariq is gay and an aspiring rapper working at the production company where Kaldrick records. The two start a secret relationship.[157] | |||
| Christopher Taylor | Jarod Joseph | Christopher is Kaldrick's openly gay lover who works as a lawyer.[158] | |||
| 2012–2016 | Last Tango in Halifax | BBC One | Caroline Dawson | Sarah Lancashire | Caroline is lesbian. Caroline and Kate were married before Kate's untimely death.[159] |
| Kate McKenzie | Nina Sosanya | Kate is lesbian, and married to Caroline.[159] | |||
| Olga | Lorraine Burroughs | Olga is a lesbian, and the owner of a winery.[160] | |||
| Judith | Ronni Ancona | Judith is bisexual and an international megastar of a film franchise.[161] | |||
| 2012– | Line of Duty | BBC Two BBC One (2017) |
DCI Joanne Davidson | Kelly Macdonald | Joanne is lesbian and the SIO of "Operation Lighthouse" (season 6). She was accused by her ex, Farida, of cheating on her with Kate Fleming. |
| PC/PS Farida Jatri | Anneika Rose | Farida is lesbian and was in a secret relationship with Joanne, her superior on the force.[162][163] | |||
| 2012–2018 | Major Crimes | TNT | Rusty Beck | Graham Patrick Martin | Rusty comes out as gay in the season two finale.[164] |
| Gustavo Wallace | Rene Rosado | Gus is gay, he begins a relationship with Rusty.[165] | |||
| TJ Shaw | Patrick Stafford | TJ is gay, but he is deeply closeted.[166] | |||
| 2012–2015 | Miss Fisher's Murder Mysteries | ABC | Dr. Elizabeth 'Mac' MacMillan | Tammy MacIntosh | Mac is a lesbian. She doesn't conceal her orientation and sports menswear.[167] |
| Daisy Murphy | Maria Coviello | Daisy is a lesbian, and Dr. Mac's lover, she is murdered by her ex-lover, Hetty.[168] | |||
| Hetty | Caroline Brazier | Hetty is a lesbian, and a factory worker with Daisy. She is love with Daisy and kills her when rejected for Dr. Mac. She also frames Dr. Mac for another murder.[168] | |||
| Sarah Norden | Eloise Mignon | Sarah is a lesbian, and a contortionist, she was in a relationship with Pearl.[168] | |||
| Pearl Dyson | Madeleine Vizard | Pearl is a lesbian, and an assistant for a magician. She is accidentally killed by a malfunctioning guillotine.[168] | |||
| 2012–2018 | Nashville | ABC | Will Lexington | Chris Carmack | Will is a closeted up-and-coming country singer.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn |
| Brent McKinney | Derek Krantz | Brent is an openly gay record executive.[169] | |||
| Kevin Bicks | Kyle Dean Massey | Kevin is an openly gay songwriter, stationed in Nashville.[170] | |||
| Zach Welles | Cameron Scoggins | Zach is gay and a young Silicon Valley entrepreneur, involved with Will Lexington.[171] | |||
| Jakob Fine | Murray Bartlett | Jakob is gay and a fashion designer for a commercial that Will appears in.[172] | |||
| Allyson Del Lago | Jen Richards | Allyson is a trans woman, and a physical therapist. Her character is the first transgender to ever appear on a CMT show and the first out transgender actor on the network.[173] | |||
| Jeff | Aaron Cavette | Jeff is gay and Zach's ex-boyfriend.[174] | |||
| 2012 | Political Animals | USA | T.J. Hammond | Sebastian Stan | T.J. is the first openly gay son of an American President.[175] |
| Diane Nash | Vanessa Redgrave | Justice Nash is the first openly gay Justice of the United States Supreme Court.[176] | |||
| Sean Reeves | David Monahan | Reeves is a married, closeted Congressman with whom T.J. has had an affair.[177] | |||
| 2012–2017 | Saving Hope | CTV NBC |
Shahir Hamza | Huse Madhavji | Shahir is gay and a neurosurgeon. His partner is Victor.[178] |
| Victor Reis | Salvatore Antonio | Victor is gay and an OR nurse. Shahir and Victor are in a long-term relationship.[178] | |||
| Maggie Lin | Julia Taylor Ross | Maggie is bisexual. She is an OB/GYN attending at Hope Zion Hospital. At the end of the series, Maggie and Sydney enter into a relationship.[179] | |||
| Sydney Katz | Stacey Farber | Sydney is lesbian, and an obstetrics and gynecology resident.[179] | |||
| Bree Hannigan | Rebecca Liddiard | Bree is lesbian, and was admitted to the hospital following a car accident. Scans reveal that Bree has cancer.[179] | |||
| Neshema | Hannah Miller | Neshema is a lesbian, and married to Ruth. She is pregnant.[179] | |||
| Violet Jackson | Bahia Watson | Violet is lesbian, and Bree's fiancé.[179] | |||
| Riley Stiles | Justin Kelly | Riley is intersexual and is transitioning to male. When he comes to the hospital for surgery, he learns he had a gender assignment surgery as a baby.[179] | |||
| Ruth | Maggie Castle | Ruth is lesbian, and married to Neshema.[179] | |||
| 2012–2018 | Scandal | ABC | Cyrus Beene | Jeff Perry | Cyrus is the White House Chief of Staff. He is openly gay and in a long-term relationship with James.[180] |
| James Novak | Dan Bucatinsky | James is married to Cyrus Beene, but eventually leaves him.[180] | |||
| Michael Ambruso | Matthew Del Negro | Michael is gay and a former prostitute. He marries Cyrus in a sham marriage.[181] | |||
| Fenton Glackland | Dean Norris | Fenton is a gay billionaire, and an ex-boyfriend of Cyrus.[182] | |||
| Annalise Keating | Viola Davis | Annalise is bisexual, and in a guest appearance in episode "Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself", she teams up with Olivia Pope (Kerry Washington) to work on a class action lawsuit regarding the mass incarceration of black people in the United States.[183] | |||
| Rose | Marla Gibbs | Rose is a lesbian, who hires Olivia to help find her ex-lover Lois, but Lois had already been murdered.[183] | |||
| Lois Moore | Fran Bennett | Lois is lesbian, and Olivia's neighbor. After Olivia was kidnapped, she was held hostage in Lois' apartment and the hostage takers eventually killed her.[183] | |||
| Gillian | Lauren Gaw | Gillian is lesbian, and Yasmeen's girlfriend.[183] | |||
| Yasmeen | Medalion Rahimi | Yasmeen is a lesbian, and the niece of the Bashranian president. She is killed when her plane leaving the U.S. explodes on the runway, in episode "Adventures in Babysitting".[183] | |||
| 2012–2013 | Smash | NBC | Tom Levitt | Christian Borle | Tom is an openly gay composer.[184] |
| Dennis | Phillip Spaeth | Dennis is gay, and an ex-lover of Tom.[185] | |||
| Bobby | Wesley Taylor | Bobby is gay and was selected to be as part of the ensemble cast.[186] | |||
| Sam Strickland | Leslie Odom, Jr. | Sam is gay and Tom is his boyfriend.[187] | |||
| John Goodwin | Neal Bledsoe | John is a gay lawyer. He and Tom dated briefly.[188] | |||
| Ellis Boyd | Jaime Cepero | Ellis began as Tom's personal assistant, who he slept with, before becoming assistant to Broadway producer Eileen Rand. He left the series after season one and an ex-girlfriend later outed him as gay.[185] | |||
| Kyle Bishop | Andy Mientus | Kyle is gay, and was in relationships with Blake, Tom and Jimmy.[189] | |||
| Blake | Daniel Abeles | Blake is the lighting director for Hit List and he and Kyle became involved.[189] | |||
| 2012–2013 | Underemployed | MTV | Sophia Swanson | Michelle Ang | Sophia is a lesbian, and an aspiring writer.[190] |
| Laura | Angel M. Wainwright | Laura is lesbian, and Sophia's girlfriend for a short while.[190] | |||
| Natalie | Katherine Cunningham | Natalie is a lesbian, and hooks up with Sophia a few times.[190] |
2013
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2013–2018 | Template:Sortname | Channel 7 | James Bligh | David Berry | James is married but gay. He has experienced family disapproval and even horrific treatments including electroshock. The series was set in 1950s Australia, when homosexuality was illegal, and men were "held against their will in hospitals, electrocuted, pumped full of drugs and mentally abused".[191] |
| Harry Polson | Dominic Allburn | Harry is gay, and James Bligh's ex-lover.[192] | |||
| Dr. Henry Fox | Tim Draxl | Henry is gay, and has a relationship with James Bligh.[192] | |||
| Carolyn Bligh | Sara Wiseman | Carolyn is bisexual, and had an affair with Delia a long time ago.[193] | |||
| Delia Craig | Maya Stange | Delia is a lesian, and had an affair with Carolyn years ago, but now back from London, they happen to be housemates.[194] | |||
| 2013– | Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. | ABC | Joey Gutierrez | Juan Pablo Raba | Joey is a gay Inhuman who can melt metals, he previously had a boyfriend.Template:Sfn Joey is the first openly gay character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[195] |
| Marcus Benson | Barry Shabaka Henley | Benson is a gay scientist recruited to help with the S.H.I.E.L.D science team in season 6.[195] | |||
| Victoria Hand | Saffron Burrows | Victoria is a lesbian, she was eventually shot and killed in the series.[195] | |||
| Isabelle Hartley | Lucy Lawless | Isabelle is a lesbian, and was killed when her SUV was flipped over by the Absorbing Man.[195] | |||
| Olga Pachinko | Jolene Andersen | Olga is a lesbian and demolitions expert.[196] | |||
| 2013- | Amar es para siempre (To Love is Forever) |
Antena 3 | Amelia Ledesma | Carol Rovira | Amelia is a lesbian. During the day she works at a hotel, and then she sings at night. She is in a secret relationship with Luisita Gómez, as the show takes place in the 1970s.[197][198] |
| Luisita Gómez | Paula Usero | Luisita Gómez is bisexual, but in a lesbian relationship with Amelia Ledesma.[197][198] | |||
| Isabel Vegas | Silvia Maya | Isabel is a lesbian, and a LGBT activist.[199] | |||
| Ana Rivas | Marina San José | Ana is a lesbian, and married to Teresa García.[197] | |||
| Teresa García | Carlota Olcina | Teresa is a lesbian, and married to Ana. They both die, along with their child in a fire.[197] | |||
| Sara Martín | Belén González | Sara is a lesbian, and a political activist for women's rights.[200] | |||
| Juanma | Enrique Gimeno | Juanma is gay and Gonzalo is his boyfriend.[197] | |||
| Gonzalo | Nacho Casalvaque | Gonzalo is gay and Juanma is his boyfriend.[197] | |||
| 2013–2015 | Atlantis | BBC One | Pythagoras | Robert Emms | Pythagoras and Icarus are romantically involved in the second series.[201] |
| Icarus | Joseph Timms | ||||
| 2013–2016 | Banshee | Cinemax | Job | Hoon Lee | Job is a cross-dressing hairdresser who moonlights as a computer hacker. His sexuality is never explicitly defined, but actor Hoon Lee described the character as "someone who is exploring identity, he feels free to explore whatever direction his identity follows".[202] |
| 2013–2014 | Betrayal | ABC | Jules Whitman | Sofia Black D'Elia | Jules is a lesbian, and computer hacker, who has a relationship with Valerie.[203] |
| Valerie McAllister | Elizabeth McLaughlin | Valerie is lesbian, and falls for Jules.[204] | |||
| 2013–2014 | Template:Sortname | FX | Adriana Perez | Emily Rios | Adriana is a lesbian newspaper reporter.[205] |
| Lucy | Alyssa Diaz | Lucy is a lesbian nurese and Adriana's girlfriend, introduced in season 2.[206] | |||
| 2013–2017 | Broadchurch | ITV | Maggie Radcliffe | Carolyn Pickles | Maggie is a lesbian, and a newspaper editor, in love with Jocelyn.[207][208] |
| Jocelyn Knight | Charlotte Rampling | Jocelyn is a lesbian, and a semi-retired barrister, in love with Maggie.[208][209] | |||
| 2013 | Camp | NBC | Todd | Adam Garcia | Todd and Raffi are an interracial couple raising an adopted child. They get married in season 1, episode 7, "The Wedding".[210][211] |
| Raffi | Christopher Kirby | ||||
| 2013–2014 | Template:Sortname | Template:Sortname | Walt Reynolds | Brendan Dooling | Walt is in the closet at first but after meeting Bennet, who is openly gay, he comes out and they are in a relationship.[212][213] |
| Bennet Wilcox | Jake Robinson | Bennet is openly gay and Walt's boyfriend.[214][215] | |||
| Larissa Loughlin | Freema Agyeman | Larissa is bisexual, a style editor at a magazine and party girl. She slept with Samantha.[216] | |||
| Samantha "Sam" Jones | Lindsey Gort | Sam is bisexual and slept with Larissa.[216] | |||
| Jill "Mouse" Chen | Ellen Wong | Mouse is a bisexual nerd. She slept with Donna.[216] | |||
| Donna LaDonna | Chloe Bridges | Donna is bisexual and leader of the mean girls clique in school, and generally not very nice. She slept with Mouse while drunk.[216] | |||
| Blake | Ian Quinlan | Blake is gay and asks Walt out on a date, but when they arrive at the restaurant, Bennet intervenes and tells Walt he wants them to be an exclusive couple.[217] | |||
| 2013–2015 | Da Vinci's Demons | Starz | Leonardo da Vinci | Tom Riley | Leonardo da Vinci is bisexual. The shows creator, David S. Goyer, confirmed his bisexuality, along with actor Tom Riley who said: "He is, in my mind, canonically bisexual. He is attracted to men and he is attracted to women on the show."[218][219] Da Vinci's Demons is a fictional account of Leonardo da Vinci's early life. |
| Jacopo Saltarelli | Christopher Elson | Jacopa is a gay 17-year-old goldsmith apprentice, and prostitute. Da Vinci had sex with him and was later put on trial for sodomy, with Jacopa testifying against him. The charges were eventually dropped against Da Vinci.[220] | |||
| Andrea del Verrocchio | Allan Corduner | In season 2, episode 5, "The Sun and the Moon", it is implied that Andrea has a sexual relationship with a handsome young man (Benedetto), who works as a picture framer in his workshop.[221] | |||
| 2013 | Dates | Channel 4 | Erica | Gemma Chan | Erica is a closeted lesbian. Erica goes on a blind date with Kate.[222] |
| Kate | Katie McGrath | Kate is a lesbian, and has a one-night stand with Erica, which results in a second date.[223] | |||
| 2013–2015 | Defiance | Syfy | Stahma Tarr | Jaime Murray | Stahma is bisexual, and a wealthy alien.[224][225] |
| Kenya Rosewater | Mia Kirschner | Kenya is a bisexual bartender and brothel owner.[224][225] | |||
| Doc Meh Yewll | Trenna Keating | Meh is a lesbian and is a Doctor in the town of Defiance.[224][225] | |||
| Lev | Hannah Cheeseman | Lev is a lesbian and Doc Yewll's wife.[224][225] | |||
| Niles Pottinger | James Murray | Pottinger attended the same boarding school as Connor Lang, and had an unrequited gay crush on him.[226] | |||
| 2013–2016 | Devious Maids | Lifetime | Alejandro Rubio | Matt Cedeño | Alejandro is a closeted gay Latin music star.[227][228] |
| 2013–2017 | East Los High | Hulu | Camila Barrios | Vannessa Vasquez | Camila is bisexual and been friends with Jocelyn since high school and begin a romantic relationship.[229] |
| Jocelyn Reyes | Andrea Sixtos | Jocelyn is lesbian, and hooked up with Camila after smoking pot together.[229] | |||
| Daysi Cantu | Ser Anzoategui | Daysi is a queer, and a new student at East Los High.[229] | |||
| Ms. Alvarez | Catherine Lazo | Ms. Alvarez is a lesbian, and the school principal.[229] | |||
| Veronica | Jacqueline Grace Lopez | Veronica is a lesbian, and went out with Jocelyn.[229] | |||
| 2013–2016 | Template:Sortname | BBC Two | Danielle Ferrington | Niamh McGrady | Dani is a lesbian.[230] |
| Stella Gibson | Gillian Anderson | Stella is bisexual.[230] | |||
| 2013–2018 | Template:Sortname | Freeform | Stef Adams-Foster | Teri Polo | Stef and Lena are a married lesbian couple. Stef has a son from a previous marriage. Stef and Lena also serve as adoptive and foster parents to additional children.[231] |
| Lena Adams-Foster | Sherri Saum | ||||
| Jude Adams Foster | Hayden Byerly | Jude is gay and develops romantic feelings for his best friend Connor Stevens, and they begin dating.[232][233] | |||
| Connor Stevens | Gavin MacIntosh | In season 2, Connor comes out as gay, shares a kiss with Jude and the two begin dating.[232] | |||
| Cole | Tom Phelan | Cole is a trans boy, and a teen runaway who lives at a group foster home.[231] | |||
| Noah Walker | Kalama Epstein | Noah is gay and Jude's second boyfriend.[234] | |||
| Monte Porter | Annika Marks | Monte is bisexual and becomes the school principal of Lena's charter school in Season 2. She later gets in trouble for kissing a student.[235] | |||
| Aaron Baker | Elliot Fletcher | Aaron is a trans man who becomes Callie's boyfriend.[236] | |||
| Ximena Sinfuego | Lisseth Chavez | Ximena is a lesbian, and captain of the roller-derby team.[231] | |||
| Jack Downey | Tanner Buchanan | Jack shares a kiss with Jude to make him feel better after his breakup with Connor. Jack is later beaten to death by an abusive foster father.[237][238] | |||
| Carmen Cruz | Alicia Sixtos | Carmen is a lesbian, and been involved with gangs, drugs, and kidnapping.[231] | |||
| Jenna Paul | Suzanne Cryer | Jenna is a lesbian, and an old friend of Stef and Lena.[231] | |||
| Sally Benton | Pepi Sonuga | Sally is a lesbian, and accuses the principal of kissing her.[231] | |||
| Tess Bayfield | Kristen Ariza | Tess is bisexual and Steph's high-school crush.[231] | |||
| Kelly Paul | Alice Dodd | Kelly is a lesbian, and Jenna's ex-wife.[231] | |||
| Lara | Brit Manor | Lara is lesbian, and makes a pass at Tess.[231] | |||
| 2013–2018 | Hit the Floor | VH1 | Jude Kinkade | Brent Antonello | Jude is gay and Zero is a closeted bisexual basketball player, Jude is also Zero's agent. Jude and Zero begin having casual sex in season 2. In season 3, Zero comes out by kissing Jude in public, and the two are now in a committed relationship.[239][240][241] |
| Zero (real name Gideon) |
Adam Senn | ||||
| Lucas | Jonathan Bennett | Lucas is a gay basketball agent, and had an affair with Jude, making Zero jealous.[242] | |||
| Noah | Kristian Kordula | Noah is gay and Jude's boyfriend in season 4.[243] | |||
| 2013–2018 | House of Cards | Netflix | Frank Underwood | Kevin Spacey | Frank has been shown to have sexual encounters with both men and women. The series creator, Beau Willimon, said that Frank ignores the label of being bisexual or gay, and is simply attracted to people regardless of their gender.[244] |
| Edward Meechum | Nathan Darrow | Meechum is a Secret Service agent assigned to Frank Underwood, and has a threesome with him and Claire Underwood in season 2, episode "Chapter 24".[244] | |||
| Rachel Posner | Rachel Brosnahan | Rachel is a bisexual prostitute.[245] | |||
| Lisa Williams | Kate Lyn Sheil | Lisa is lesbian, and Rachel's lover.[245] | |||
| Michael Corrigan | Christian Camargo | Michael is a gay rights activist, imprisoned by the Russian government. He eventually hangs himself in his cell, refusing a deal to be released if he apologizes to Russia for his unlawful actions, in season 3, episode "Chapter 32".[246] | |||
| John Pasternak | Todd Alan Crain | John is Michael Corrigan's husband.[246] | |||
| 2013–2016 | Masters of Sex | Showtime | Betty DeMillo | Annaleigh Ashford | Betty is a lesbian sex worker and an early research subject in Masters and Johnson's study.[247] |
| Helen | Sarah Silverman | Helen is lesbian. Betty and Helen are in a long-term relationship. Helen gets pregnant and dies during childbirth.[248] | |||
| Barton Scully | Beau Bridges | Barton is a closeted gay and the provost at the university where Masters initiates his study.[249] | |||
| Dale | Finn Wittrock | Dale is gay and a hustler whom Scully patronizes.[249] | |||
| Carl | Bobby Campo | Carl is gay and a hustler, and has sex with Dale.[249] | |||
| Guy | Nick Clifford | Guy is a closeted gay.[250] | |||
| Sarah | unknown baby | Sarah is intersexual. The blood work suggests Sarah is a boy.[251] | |||
| 2013 | Murder in Passing | YouTube | Epicene | Alexander Chapman | Epicene is a trans woman detective assigned to investigate the murder of Mars Brito, a trans man bike courier. The show was originally broadcast as a series of 30-second episodes on advertising video screens in the Toronto Transit Commission's subway system.[252] |
| Mars Brito | Chase Joynt | Mars Brito is a trans man bike courier, whose murder sparks an investigation into his death.[253] The noirish black and white series is now on YouTube.[254] | |||
| 2013–2015 | My Mad Fat Diary | E4 | Archie | Dan Cohen | Archie is revealed to be gay when he is caught spying on the men's changing room in the leisure centre where he works.[255] |
| 2013–2019 | Orange Is the New Black | Netflix | Piper Chapman | Taylor Schilling | Piper is bisexual and the protagonist of the series. She was in a relationship with Alex before breaking up with her and becoming engaged to Larry Bloom.[256] |
| Alex Vause | Laura Prepon | Alex is lesbian, and an ex-drug dealer.[257][258] | |||
| Sophia Burset | Laverne Cox | Sophia is a trans woman. (Laverne Cox is transgender in real life. The Advocate suggested that Orange is the New Black is the first women-in-prison series that includes a real transgender woman playing the role of a transgender person.[259]) | |||
| Nicky Nichols | Natasha Lyonne | Nicky is a lesbian.[260] | |||
| Crazy Eyes | Uzo Aduba | Crazy Eyes is a lesbian.[260] | |||
| Carrie "Big Boo" Black | Lea DeLaria | Big Boo is a lesbian.[260][261] | |||
| Tricia Miller | Madeline Brewer | Tricia is a lesbian.[260] | |||
| Poussey Washington | Samira Wiley | Poussey is a lesbian.[260] | |||
| Lorna Morello | Yael Stone | Lorna is bisexual and has been involved with men and women.[262] | |||
| Brook Soso | Kimiko Glenn | Brook is pansexual. She revealed that she is attracted to people, not genders.[263] | |||
| Artesian McCullough | Emily Tarver | Artesian is a lesbian correctional officer.[264] | |||
| Maureen Kukudio | Emily Althaus | Maureen is a lesbian.[265] | |||
| Shani Abboud | Marie Lou-Nahhas | Shani is a lesbian.[266] | |||
| Stella Carlin | Ruby Rose | Stella is a lesbian.[267] | |||
| Zelda | Alicia Witt | Zelda is a lesbian.[268][269] | |||
| Desi Piscatella | Brad William Henke | Desi is an openly gay correctional officer.[270] | |||
| Dayanara "Daya" Diaz | Dasha Polanco | Dayanara is "gay for the stay". She is dating Dominga.[271] | |||
| Dominga "Daddy" Duarte | Vicci Martinez | Dominga is lesbian.[272] | |||
| 2013–2017 | Orphan Black | Space BBC America |
Cosima Niehaus | Tatiana Maslany | Cosima is lesbian and a graduate student in biology, and one of the clones.[273] |
| Felix Dawkins | Jordan Gavaris | Felix is gay and the foster brother and confidant of Sarah, the show's main protagonist.[274] | |||
| Delphine Cormier | Evelyne Brochu | Delphine is bisexual and in a relationship with Cosima.[275] | |||
| Tony Sawicki | Tatiana Maslany | Tony is a transgender clone introduced in Season 2.[276] | |||
| Shay Davydov | Ksenia Solo | Shay is a lesbian and had a brief relationship with Cosima.[277] | |||
| Sarah Manning | Tatiana Maslany | Sarah is bisexual. This was later confirmed as true by Tatiana Maslany at Comic Con 2016.[278] | |||
| Camilla Torres | Tatiana Maslany | Camilla is a lesbian.[279] | |||
| 2013– | Peaky Blinders | BBC Two | James | Josh O'Connor | James is a gay writer who lives with Ada Shelby and her son, Karl.[280] |
| 2013–2016 | Please Like Me | ABC | Josh | Josh Thomas | Josj is openly gay, and dates several men throughout the series.Template:Sfn |
| Geoffrey | Wade Briggs | Geoffrey was Josh's first boyfriend.[281] | |||
| Patrick | Charles Cottier | Patrick is gay and had a brief fling with Josh.[282] | |||
| Arnold | Keegan Joyce | Arnold was Josh's boyfriend through most of the series.[283] | |||
| Hannah | Hannah Gadsby | Hannah is a lesbin, and lives with Josh's mother.[284] | |||
| Ben | David Quirk | Ben is bisexual and was a one-night stand of Josh's.[285][286] | |||
| Kyah | Freya Stafford | Kyah is lesbian, and Hannah's ex-girlfriend.[287] | |||
| 2013–2020 | Ray Donovan | Showtime | Lena | Katherine Moennig | Lena is lesbian, and a personal assistant working for titular character Ray.[288] |
| Tommy Wheeler | Austin Nichols | Tommy is a closeted gay actor.[289] | |||
| Justine | Alexandra Turshen | Justine is bisexual and was Lena's girlfriend.[290] | |||
| Chloe Hunter | Alex Saxon | Chloe is a trans woman and a sex worker.[291] | |||
| Jeannie | Rya Kihlstedt | Jeannie is lesbian, and Lena's ex-girlfriend.[292] | |||
| 2013–2018 | Template:Sortname | Sky Atlantic Canal+ |
Elise Wassermann | Clémence Poésy | Elise is bisexual and has had sex with men out of practical necessity and has not experienced emotional involvement with any sex partner. Until she met Eryka Klein, Elise had never felt romantic attraction for someone. She falls in love with Eryka.[293][294] |
| Eryka Klein | Laura De Boer | Eryka (lesbian) falls in love with Elise.[293] | |||
| 2013–2015 | Under the Dome | CBS | Carolyn Hill | Aisha Hinds | Hill and Calvert are raising a daughter, Norrie Calvert-Hill, together.[295] |
| Alice Calvert | Samantha Mathis | Alice is a lesbian.[295] | |||
| 2013–2020 | Vikings | History | Ragnar Lothbrok | Travis Fimmel | Ragnar is bisexual and on multiple occasions, has asked Athelstan to join him and Lagertha in bed.[296] |
| Lagertha | Katheryn Winnick | Lagertha is bisexual. In the season 4 time jump, she has been with Astrid for about 7 years.[297] | |||
| Astrid | Josefin Asplund | Astrid is bisexual. In season 5, she forces Lagertha to kill her. The sex scene between Lagertha and Astrid in episode "The Outsider" was edited for U.S. audiences and only showed them kissing.[298][299] | |||
| 2013– | Wentworth | SoHo | Franky Doyle | Nicole da Silva | Franky is lesbian.[300][301] |
| Erica Davidson | Leeanna Walsman | Erica is bisexual.[302] | |||
| Kim Chang | Ra Chapman | Kim is bisexual.[303] | |||
| Joan Ferguson | Pamela Rabe | Joan is lesbian.[304] | |||
| Maxine Conway | Socratis Otto | Maxine is a transgender woman.[305] | |||
| Bridget Westfall | Libby Tanner | Bridget is lesbian.[306] | |||
| Lucy Gambaro | Sally-Anne Upton | Lucy is lesbian.[307] | |||
| Allie Novak | Kate Jenkinson | Allie is lesbian.[308] | |||
| Bea Smith | Danielle Cormack | Bea is bisexual.[309] | |||
| Jodie Spiteri | Pia Miranda | Jodie is bisexual.[310] | |||
| Sean Brody | Rick Donald | Sean is gay and had a sexual relationship with Jake in the past.[311] | |||
| Jake Stewart | Bernard Curry | Jake was in a sexual relationship with Sean.[311] | |||
| Lou Kelly | Kate Box | Lou is lesbian.[312] | |||
| Ruby Mitchell | Rarriwuy Hick | Ruby is lesbian.[313] | |||
| Marie Winter | Susie Porter | Marie is bisexual.[314] | |||
| Maxine Conway | Socratis Otto | Maxine is a trans woman.[305] | |||
| Reb Keane | Zoe Terakes | Reb is a trans man.[315] | |||
| Spike Baxter | Kate Elliott | Spike is lesbian.[316] | |||
| Zara Dragovich | Natalia Novikova | Zara is lesbian.[317] | |||
| Dana Malouf | Daniielle Alexis | Dana is a trans woman.[318] | |||
| Jianna Riley | Tasia Zalar | Jianna is lesbian.[319] | |||
| Shelley Hayes | Alinta Chidzey | Shelley is lesbian.[320] |
2014
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2014– | Template:Sortname | The CW | Commander Lexa | Alycia Debnam-Carey | Commander Lexa is a lesbian.[321] |
| Clarke Griffin | Eliza Taylor | Clarke Griffin is bisexual. In Season 1, Clarke has a relationship with Finn, and in Season 2 Clarke and Lexa kiss.[322] | |||
| Niylah | Jessica Harmon | Niylah is a lesbian.[323] | |||
| Nathan Miller | Jarod Joseph | Nathan Miller is gay.[324] | |||
| Bryan | Jonathan Whitesell | Bryan is gay.[325] | |||
| Eric Jackson | Sachin Sahel | Eric Jackson is gay.[326] | |||
| 2014–2019 | The Affair | Showtime | Trevor Solloway | Jadon Sand | Trevor Solloway is a gay teen. He is the son of the main couple.[327] |
| 2014–2017 | Black Sails | Starz | James Flint | Toby Stephens | James Flint is gay and was in a past relationship with Thomas (revealed in season two). Their separation was the reason for Flint waging war against the British empire.[328] |
| Eleanor Guthrie | Hannah New | Eleanor Guthrie is bisexual. In season one, she is in a relationship with Max.[329] | |||
| Max | Jessica Parker Kennedy | Max is a lesbian. She is Eleanor's lover, then has a romantic relationship with Anne.[330] | |||
| Anne Bonny | Clara Paget | Anne Bonny is bisexual. She starts a relationship with Max in season two.[331] | |||
| Thomas Hamilton | Rupert Penry-Jones | Thomas Hamilton was Flint's lover.[332] | |||
| 2014– | Bosch | Amazon Prime Video | Grace Billets | Amy Aquino | Grace Billets has a lesbian affair with a Black female colleague in the LAPD, Kizmin Rider.[333][334][335] She is a lieutenant who is a supervisor of the show's protagonist, Harry Bosch, at Hollywood Station.[336][337] |
| Kizmin Rider | Rose Rollins | The girlfriend of Grace Billets and detective with the LAPD.[333][338] | |||
| 2014–2016 | Carmilla | Vervegirl | Carmilla Karnstein | Natasha Negovanlis | Carmilla Karnstein is a 100+ year old lesbian vampire.[339] |
| Laura Hollis | Elise Bauman | Laura Hollis is a lesbian. Carmilla and Laura are in a relationship.[339] | |||
| Danny Lawrence | Sharon Belle | Danny Lawrence is a lesbian.[339] | |||
| S. LaFontaine | Kaitlyn Alexander | LaFontaine is non-binary.[339] | |||
| 2014–2015 | Chasing Life | Freeform | Brenna Carver | Haley Ramm | Brenna Carver is bisexual. She begins a relationship with Greer, despite the fact that Brenna already had a boyfriend. Later she chooses Greer over her boyfriend and they begin a relationship.[340] |
| Greer Danville | Gracie Dzienny | Greer Danville is a lesbian.[341] | |||
| Margo | Aurora Perrineau | Margo is a lesbian.[342] | |||
| Juliet | Leisha Hailey | Juliet is a lesbian.[343] | |||
| 2014–2016 | Faking It | MTV | Amy Raudenfeld | Rita Volk | Amy Raudenfeld is a lesbian.[344] |
| Shane Harvey | Michael Willett | Shane Harvey is openly gay.[345][346] | |||
| Lauren Cooper | Bailey De Young | Lauren Cooper is intersexual.[347] | |||
| Reagan | Yvette Monreal | Reagan is lesbian and Amy's girlfriend in season 2.[348] | |||
| Noah | Elliot Fletcher | Noah is a trans man.[346] | |||
| Sabrina | Sophia Ali | Sabrina is a lesbian.[349] | |||
| 2014–2015 | Finding Carter | MTV | Bird | Vanessa Morgan | Bird is bisexual and Madison is her love interest.[350] |
| Madison | Molly Kunz | Madison is lesbian.[351] | |||
| 2014– | Template:Sortname | The CW | David Singh | Patrick Sabongui | David Singh is openly gay and the Central City police commander. He is married to Rob.[352] |
| Rob | Jeremy Schuetze | Rob is gay.[352] | |||
| Hartley Rathaway | Andy Mientus | Hartley Rathaway is openly gay.[353] | |||
| Nora West-Allen | Jessica Parker Kennedy | Nora West-Allen is queer.[354] | |||
| Kate Kane | Ruby Rose | Kate Kane is lesbian.[352] | |||
| Marlize DeVoe | Kim Engelbrecht | Marlize DeVoe is bisexual.[355] | |||
| Alex Danvers | Chyler Leigh | Alex Danvers is lesbian (guest appearance - 2017).[356] | |||
| 2014 | Glue | E4 | James Warwick | Billy Howle | James Warwick and Caleb "Cal" Bray were romantically involved.[357] |
| Caleb "Cal" Bray | Tommy Lawrence Knight | Caleb "Cal" Bray and James Warwick were romantically involved, before Cal was murdered.[357] | |||
| 2014–2019 | Gotham | Fox | Renee Montoya | Victoria Cartagena | Renee Montoya is lesbian, and is the ex-girlfriend of Barbara Kean.[358] |
| Barbara Kean | Erin Richards | Barbara Kean is bisexual.[358] | |||
| Tabitha Galavan | Jessica Lucas | Tabitha Galavan is bisexual.[359] | |||
| The Lady | Michelle Gomez | The Lady is bisexual.[360] | |||
| Oswald Cobblepot | Robin Lord Taylor | Oswald Cobblepot is in love with Edward Nygma.[361] | |||
| 2014– | Grantchester | ITV | Leonard Finch | Al Weaver | Leonard Finch is gay.[362] |
| Daniel Marlowe | Oliver Dimsdale | Daniel Marlowe is gay.[362][363] | |||
| Alex Simms | Tom Turner | Alex Simms is gay.[362] | |||
| 2014–2017 | Halt and Catch Fire | AMC | Joe MacMillan | Lee Pace | Joe MacMillan is bisexual and main character of the show.[364] |
| Lev | August Emerson | Lev is openly gay.[365] | |||
| Haley Clark | Susanna Skaggs | Haley Clark is revealed to be lesbian in season 4.[366] | |||
| 2014–2015 | Heartless | Kanal 5 | Sofie | Julie Zangenberg | Sofie is a succubus lesbian that feeds on the life force of humans. She falls in love with Emilie.[367] |
| Emilie | Julie Christiansen | Emilie is lesbian and falls in love with Sofie.[367] | |||
| 2014– | How to Get Away with Murder | ABC | Annalise Keating | Viola Davis | Annalise Keating is pansexual. She teaches law at college.[368][369] |
| Eve Rothlo | Famke Janssen | Eve Rothlo is lesbian.[370] | |||
| Connor Walsh | Jack Falahee | Connor Walsh is a gay law student. Connor Walsh and Oliver Hampton begin to date on and off throughout the seasons, culminating in their marriage in season 5.[371][372] | |||
| Oliver Hampton | Conrad Ricamora | Oliver Hampton is gay and an I.T. specialist whom Connor Walsh first seduced to get information. Over time, the two develop feelings for each other. They marry in season 5, and remain happy.[371][372] | |||
| Bonnie Winterbottom | Liza Weil | Bonnie Winterbottom is bisexual.[373] | |||
| Aiden Walker | Elliot Knight | Aiden Walker is bisexual. He slept with Connor and was engaged to a woman.[374] | |||
| Simon Drake | Behzad Dabu | Simon Drake is gay.[375] | |||
| Tegan Price | Amirah Vann | Tegan Price is lesbian.[376] | |||
| Jeff Walsh | D.W. Moffett | Jeff Walsh is gay. He is Connor's dad.[377] | |||
| Ted | Jim Abele | Ted is gay and married to Jeff Walsh.[377] | |||
| Jill Hartford | Alexandra Billings | Jill Hartford is a trans woman.[372] | |||
| Claire Telesco | Melinda Page Hamilton | Claire Telesco is a lesbian.[378] | |||
| Cora | Mercedes Mason | Cora is bisexual. She is Tegan's ex-wife.[379] | |||
| Nanda Hashim | Ramona DuBarry | Nanda Hashim is bisexual.[380] | |||
| Dani Alvodar | Alyssa Diaz | Dani Alvodar is a lesbian.[381] | |||
| 2014–2019 | Jane the Virgin | The CW | Luisa Alver | Yara Martinez | Luisa Alver is lesbian.[382] |
| Rose Solano | Bridget Regan | Rose Solano is lesbian.[382] | |||
| Wesley Masters | Brian Jordan Alvarez | Wesley Masters is an openly gay writer attending grad school with Jane.[383] | |||
| Krishna | Shelly Bhalla | Krishna is lesbian and Petra's secretary.[384] | |||
| Adam Alvaro | Tyler Posey | Adam Alvaro is bisexual.[385] | |||
| Jane Ramos | Rosario Dawson | Jane Ramos is openly lesbian and a shady lawyer.[382] | |||
| Petra Andel | Yael Grobglas | Petra Andel is queer.[382] | |||
| Eileen | Elisabeth Röhm | Eileen is lesbian.[386] | |||
| Marlene Donaldson | Melanie Mayron | Marlene Donaldson is lesbian.[387] | |||
| Susanna Barnett | Megan Ketch | Susanna Barnett is lesbian.[388] | |||
| Allison | Iyari Limon | Allison is lesbian.[389] | |||
| Dana | A Leslie Kies | Dana is lesbian.[390] | |||
| Leona | Zelda Williams | Leona is lesbian.[391] | |||
| 2014– | Janet King | ABC1 | Janet King | Marta Dusseldorp | Janet King and Ashleigh Larsson are a lesbian couple.[392] |
| Ash Larsson | Aimee Pedersen | Ash Larsson is lesbian.[392] | |||
| Bianca Grieve | Anita Hegh | In Season 3, Janet King and Bianca Grieve enter into a relationship.[393] | |||
| 2014–2017 | Kingdom | Audience Network | Nate Kulina | Nick Jonas | Nate Kulina is a closeted gay MMA fighter.[394] |
| Will | Jonathan Howard | Will is gay and Nate's love interest.[395] | |||
| 2014–2018 | Template:Sortname | TNT | Alisha Granderson | Christina Elmore | Alisha Granderson is lesbian.[396] |
| Kelsi Baker | Caitlin Gerard | Kelsi Baker is lesbian.[397] | |||
| 2014–2018 | Template:Sortname | TNT | Cassandra Killian | Lindy Booth | Cassandra Killian is bisexual.[398] |
| 2014–2015 | Looking | HBO | Patrick Murray | Jonathan Groff | Patrick Murray is gay and a video-game developer.[399][400] |
| Agustín Lanuez | Frankie J. Alvarez | Agustín Lanuez is gay.[401] | |||
| Dom Basaluzzo | Murray Bartlett | Dom Basaluzzo is gay.[402] | |||
| Kevin Matheson | Russell Tovey | Kevin Matheson is gay.[403] | |||
| Ricardo "Richie" Donado Ventura | Raúl Castillo | Ricardo "Richie" Donado Ventura is gay.[404] | |||
| Frank | O. T. Fagbenle | Frank is gay.[400] | |||
| Lynn | Scott Bakula | Lynn is gay.[400] | |||
| Eddie | Daniel Franzese | Eddie is gay.[405] | |||
| 2014– | Madam Secretary | CBS | Blake Moran | Erich Bergen | Blake Moran comes out as bisexual at the end of season 3.[406] |
| Kat Sandoval | Sara Ramirez | Kat Sandoval is bisexual.[407][408] | |||
| Ali Krieger | Ali Krieger | Ali Krieger is a lesbian. She does a public service announcement for equal pay. She is a member of the World Cup Champion U.S. Women's Soccer team.[409][410] | |||
| Ashlyn Harris | Ashlyn Harris | Ashlyn Harris is a lesbian. She does a public service announcement for equal pay. She is a member of the World Cup Champion U.S. Women's Soccer team.[410] | |||
| Maryam Gagulia | Amanda M. Rodriguez | Maryam Gagulia is a lesbian.[411] | |||
| Ana Ivanba | Anastasia Baranova | Ana Ivanba is a lesbian.[412] | |||
| 2014 | Matador | El Rey Network | Reyna Flores | Eve Torres | Reyna Flores is a lesbian. She is a sideline news reporter.[413][414] |
| Silda Patel | Mouzam Makkar | Silda Patel is a lesbina. She is Reyna Flores' secret girlfriend.[413][415] | |||
| 2014–2016 | Template:Sortname | NBC | Max Carnegie | Max Jenkins | Max Carnegie is gay.[416] |
| 2014– | NCIS: New Orleans | CBS | Tammy Gregorio | Vanessa Ferlito | Tammy Gregorio is a lesbian.[417] |
| Eva Azarova | Cassidy Freeman | Eva Azarova is a lesbian.[418] | |||
| Hannah Lee | Meghan Ory | Hannah Lee is a lesbian.[419] | |||
| 2014–2017 | Template:Sortname | NBC | Drew Allister | Brendan Fehr | Drew Allister is gay.[420] |
| Rick | Luke Macfarlane | Rick is Drew's boyfriend, introduced in season 1, episode 6 when he is involved in a bus accident.[420] | |||
| 2014 | Nikki & Nora: The N&N Files | YouTube | Nikki Beaumont | Liz Vassey | Nikki Beaumont is a lesbian private detective in New Orleans. She investigates cases with her partner Nora, who is also her lover.[421][422] |
| Nora Delaney | Christina Cox | Nora Delaney is a lesbian, and a private investigator. Her partner is Nikki, who is also her lover.[421][422] | |||
| 2014– | Nord bei Nordwest | Das Erste | Hannah Wagner | Jana Klinge | Hannah Wagner is lesbian. The police officer arrives in the fictional village Schwanitz to succeed the deceased Lona Vogt. She answers the question of when her husband will come by stating: "I don’t have a husband. I like women."[423][424] |
| 2014– | Outlander | Starz | Duke of Sandringham | Simon Callow | The Duke of Sandringham is queer.[425] |
| Jonathan Randall (aka Black Jack) |
Tobias Menzies | Black Jack is queer.[426][427] | |||
| Lord John Grey | David Berry | Lord John Grey is gay.[428] | |||
| 2014 | Øyevitne | NRK | Philip | Axel Bøyum | Philip and Henning are 15-year-old boys secretly in love. After witnessing a murder at a quarry, they vow to never tell anyone in order to keep their relationship a secret.[429][430] |
| Henning | Odin Waage | ||||
| 2014–2015 | Red Band Society | Fox | Sarah Souders | Andrea Parker | Sarah Souders is bisexual.[431] |
| Kenji Gomez-Rejon | Wilson Cruz | Kenji Gomez-Rejon is a gay nurse.[432] | |||
| Daniella | Tricia O’Kelley | Daniella is a lesbian.[433] | |||
| 2014 | Star-Crossed | The CW | Sophia | Brina Palencia | Sophia is pansexual and has a crush on Taylor.[434] |
| Nikki | Nicola Correia-Damude | Nikki is lesbian.[435] | |||
| 2014–2019 | Transparent | Amazon Prime Video | Maura Pfefferman | Jeffrey Tambor | Maura Pfefferman is a trans woman. She was killed off in the series finale.[436][437] |
| Sarah Pfefferman | Amy Landecker | Sarah Pfefferman is bisexual. She is the oldest of the Pfefferman children.[438] | |||
| Tammy Cashman | Melora Hardin | Tammy Cashman is a lesbian.[439] | |||
| Sydney Feldman | Carrie Brownstein | Sydney Feldman is bisexual.[440] | |||
| Ali Pfefferman | Gaby Hoffmann | Ali Pfefferman is bisexual. Ali is the youngest of the Pfefferman children.[441] | |||
| Davina | Alexandra Billings | Davina is a trans woman.[442] | |||
| Shea | Trace Lysette | Shea is a trans woman.[443] | |||
| Tanta Gittel | Hari Nef | Tanta Gittel is a trans woman.[444] | |||
| Leslie Mackinaw | Cherry Jones | Leslie Mackinaw is a lesbian. Leslie was introduced in the second season.[445] | |||
| Vicki | Anjelica Huston | Vicki has an emotional sexual relationship with Maura.[446] | |||
| Barb | Tig Notaro | Barb is a lesbian. She was a very minor character.[447] | |||
| Lila | Alia Shawkat | Lila is bisexual.[448] | |||
| Marcy | Bradley Whitford | Marcy is a cross-dresser and went to trans camp, where they were free to express their femininity, with Maura.[449] | |||
| Adriana | Hailie Sahar | Adriana is a trans woman.[450] | |||
| Carmen | Mariana Marroquin | Carmen is a trans woman.[451] | |||
| Eleanor | Zackary Drucker | Eleanor is a trans woman.[452] | |||
| Lorena | Harmony Santana | Lorena is a trans woman.[453] | |||
| Zelda | Becky Thyre | Zelda is a lesbian.[454] | |||
| Celeste | Jill Soloway | Celeste is a lesbian.[455] | |||
| Elizah Edwards | Alexandra Grey | Elizah Edwards is a trans woman.[456] | |||
| Omar | Rocco Kayiatos | Omar is a trans man.[457] | |||
| Bella | Bobbi Salvör Menuez | Bella is a lesbian.[458] | |||
| Dale | Ian Harvie | Dale is a trans man.[459] | |||
| Pony | Jiz Lee | Pony is queer.[460] | |||
| 2014– | True Detective | HBO | Paul Woodrugh | Taylor Kitsch | Paul Woodrugh is a closeted gay detective and war veteran (season 2). He had an intimate relationship with a squadmate. He's in relationship with a woman but has to take viagra to have sex with her.[461] |
| Tom Purcell | Scoot McNairy | Tom Purcell is gay and closeted. He's the father of two missing children.[462] | |||
| 2014–2016 | Tyrant | FX | Sammy Al-Fayeed | Noah Silver | Sammy Al-Fayeed is gay, living in the fictional Middle Eastern country of Abbudin, where homosexuality is illegal. His boyfriend is killed by ISIS.[463][464] |
| Abdul | Mehdi Dehbi | Abdul is a closeted young man whose family has long served as security for the Al-Fayeed family.[465] | |||
| Haitham El-Amin | Raphael Acloque | Professor Haitham El-Amin has a secret relationshp with Samy.[466] |
2015
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015–2018 | 12 Monkeys | Syfy | Oliver Peters | Ramon de Ocampo | Oliver Peters is a gay widow. In season 1, episode 10, Oliver makes reference to his dead husband.[467] |
| 2015–2017 | American Crime (season 2) |
ABC Network | Eric Tanner | Joey Pollari | Eric Tanner is a closeted gay high school basketball player accused of sexual assaulting Taylor Blaine at a party. He is forced to come out after being questioned by the police, by showing them sexually explicit texts between him and Taylor. During one scene in the show Eric says, "I’m gay but I’m not a faggot", which was the first time that word was said on ABC.[468][469] |
| Taylor Blaine | Connor Jessup | Taylor Blaine is a closeted gay teen who accuses members on the high school basketball team of sexually assaulting him, and posting photos of the assault online. He too is forced to come out when Eric reveals the sexually explicit text messages between the two, which show Taylor actually went to the party to hook up with Eric. Meanwhile, Taylor's mom gets the police involved, which Taylor really doesn't want.[468][470] | |||
| Luke | Taylor John Smith | Luke is gay and shares a passionate kiss with Taylor.[471] | |||
| 2015–2016 | Aquarius | NBC | Charles Manson | Gethin Anthony | Charles Manson is bisexual. He had sex with Ken in exchange for giving him money for living. John McNamara, the creator of the show, said the story about Manson is historical fiction.[472][473] |
| Ken Karn | Brían F. O'Byrne | Ken Karn is gay and came out to his daughter.[474] | |||
| 2015 | Backstrom | Fox | Gregory Valentine | Thomas Dekker | Gregory Valentine is gay, an ex-hustler, and an entrepreneurial crook.[475] |
| 2015 | Banana | E4 | Freddie Baxter | Freddie Fox | Freddie Baxter is bisexual, and is completely "hardwired to fuck", according to actor Freddie Fox.[476][477] |
| Dean Monroe | Fisayo Akinade | Dean Monroe is gay.[478] | |||
| Henry Best | Vincent Franklin | Henry Best is a gay middle-aged insurance salesman, happily settled with his boyfriend of nine years, Lance Sullivan.[479] | |||
| Lance Sullivan | Cyril Nri | Lance Sullivan is gay.[479] | |||
| Vivienne "Scotty" Scott | Letitia Wright | Vivienne "Scotty" Scott is a lesbian.[480] | |||
| Vanessa Moore | Lynn Hunter | Vanessa Moore is a lesbian.[481] | |||
| Sian Moore | Georgia Henshaw | Sian Moore is a lesbian.[482] | |||
| Violet | Hannah John-Kamen | Violet is a lesbian, and likes to party.[483] | |||
| Amy | Charlie Covell | Amy is a neurotic lesbian.[484] | |||
| Helen Brears | Bethany Black | Helen Brears is a trans woman.[485] | |||
| Kay | T’Nia Miller | Kay is a lesbian.[486] | |||
| 2015– | Blindspot | NBC | Bethany Mayfair | Marianne Jean-Baptiste | Bethany Mayfair is a lesbian, and assistant Director In Charge of the FBI's New York Field Office.[487] |
| Sofia Varma | Sarita Choudhury | Sophia Varma is a lesbian, and former girlfriend of Bethany. She faked her death.[488] | |||
| Alexandra | Eisa Davis | Alexandra is a lesbian, she was in a relationship with Bethandy until she got stabbed.[489] | |||
| Rich Dotcom | Ennis Esmer | Rich Dotcom is bisexual.[490] | |||
| 2015–2018 | Casual | Hulu | Laura Meyers | Tara Lynne Barr | Laura Meyers is a bisexual teenage girl who is continually exploring her sexual orientation.[491] |
| Aubrey | Dylan Gelula | Aubrey is bisexual. Her boyfriend is Max, and she has casual sex with Laura.[492] | |||
| Tathiana | Lorenza Izzo | Tathiana is a lesbian, and Laura's girlfriend for a while.[493] | |||
| Emmy | Emmy is bisexual. Her boyfriend is Alex, and he breaks up with her after discovering she had sex with his sister.[494] | ||||
| Alyssa | Teri Andrez | Alyssa is bisexual. She was invited for a threesome with Alex and Emmy, but Alex gets cold feet.[495] | |||
| 2015– | Cheetah In August | Vimeo | August Chandler | Andre Myers | August Chandler struggles to understand his mental condition or sexual power. The series is described as a black gay web series.[496] |
| 2015– | Club de Cuervos | Netflix | Aitor Cardoné | Alosian Vivancos | Aitor Cardoné is a pansexual soccer player.[497] |
| 2015–2018 | Code Black | CBS | Malaya Pineda | Melanie Chandra | Malaya Pineda is lesbian and a second year resident as of season 2.[498] |
| Carla Niven | Shiri Appleby | Carla Niven is bisexual and Malaya's former girlfriend.[499] | |||
| Noa Kean | Emily Tyra | Noa Kean is bisexual, and works in the ER.[500] | |||
| 2015 | Complications | USA Network | Gretchen Polk | Jessica Szohr | Gretchen Polk is a lesbian.[501] |
| 2015–2019 | Crazy Ex-Girlfriend | The CW | White Josh Wilson | David Hull | White Josh is gay.[502] |
| Darryl Whitefeather | Pete Gardner | Darryl Whitefeather is bisexual, and in a relationship with White Josh.[503] | |||
| Maya | Esther Povitsky | Maya is bisexual.[504] | |||
| Valencia Perez | Gabrielle Ruiz | Valencia Perez becomes aware that she is bisexual when she starts dating a woman named Beth (Emma Willmann) late in Season 3.[505] | |||
| 2015 | Cucumber | Channel 4 | Freddie Baxter | Freddie Fox | Freddie Baxter is bisexual, and is completely "hardwired to fuck", according to actor Freddie Fox.[476][477] |
| Dean Monroe | Fisayo Akinade | Dean Monroe is gay.[478] | |||
| Henry Best | Vincent Franklin | Henry Best is a gay middle-aged insurance salesman, happily settled with his boyfriend of nine years, Lance Sullivan.[479] | |||
| Lance Sullivan | Cyril Nri | Lance Sullivan is gay.[479] | |||
| Vivienne "Scotty" Scott | Letitia Wright | Vivienne "Scotty" Scott is a lesbian.[480] | |||
| Vanessa Moore | Lynn Hunter | Vanessa Moore is a lesbian.[481] | |||
| Sian Moore | Georgia Henshaw | Sian Moore is a lesbian.[482] | |||
| Violet | Hannah John-Kamen | Violet is a lesbian, and likes to party.[483] | |||
| Amy | Charlie Covell | Amy is a neurotic lesbian.[484] | |||
| Helen Brears | Bethany Black | Helen Brears is a trans woman.[485] | |||
| Kay | T’Nia Miller | Kay is a lesbian.[486] | |||
| 2015 | Cuffs | BBC One | Jake Vickers | Jacob Ifan | Jake Vickers is gay.[506][507] |
| Simon Reddington | Andrew Hawley | Simon Reddington is gay.[508] | |||
| Donna Prager | Eleanor Matsuura | Donna Prager is a lesbian.[509] | |||
| Alice Gove | Pippa Nixon | Alice Gove is an lesbian.[510] | |||
| 2015–2017 | Dark Matter | Syfy | Two | Melissa O'Neil | Two is bisexual.[511] |
| Dr. Irena Shaw | Zoie Palmer | Irena Shaw is a lesbian.[512] | |||
| 2015 | Deutschland 83 | RTL Television SundanceTV |
Alexander Edel | Ludwig Trepte | Alexander Edel is the rebellious son of General Edel and has sex with Tobias.[513][514][515] |
| Tobias Tischbier | Alexander Beyer | Tobias Tischbier is gay and works as a professor at the University of Bonn.[513][515] | |||
| Felix von Schwerin | Florian Bartholomäi | Felix von Schwerin is gay.[513][515] | |||
| 2015 | Dig | USA | Detective Golan Cohen | Ori Pfeffer | Detective Golan Cohen is a gay detective. He lives with his son and with Udi.[516] |
| Udi | Tsahi Halevi | Udi is Golan's boyfriend.[517] | |||
| 2015–2018 | È arrivata la felicità | Rai 1 | Valeria Camilli | Giulia Bevilacqua | Valeria Camilli and Rita Nardelli are lesbians.[518][519] |
| Rita Nardelli | Federica De Cola | ||||
| 2015– | Empire | Fox | Jamal Lyon | Jussie Smollett | Jamal Lyon is gay, he is the middle son of the Lyon family, and a talented singer-songwriter.[520][521] |
| Michael Sanchez | Rafael de la Fuente | Michael Sanchez is gay and Jamal's ex-boyfriend.[522] | |||
| Tiana Brown | Serayah McNeill | Tiana Brown is bisexual.[523] | |||
| India Spring | Elizabeth Whitson | India Spring is lesbian, and had an affair with Tiana Brown.[523] | |||
| Ryan Morgan | Eka Darville | Ryan Morgan is an openly gay filmmaker. He hooks up with Jamal.[524] | |||
| Mimi Whiteman | Marisa Tomei | Mimi Whiteman is a lesbian.[525] | |||
| D-Major (aka Derek) |
Tobias Truvillion | D-Major is Jamal Lyon's secret lover. He is a music producer.[526][527] | |||
| Tory Ash | Rumer Willis | Tory Ash was flirting and soaking in a hot tub with Tiana.[528] | |||
| Rhonda Lyon | Kaitlin Doubleday | Rhonda Lyon is bisexual.[529] | |||
| Freda Gatz | Bre-Z | Freda Gatz is a lesbian.[530][531] | |||
| Melody Barnes | Alexandra Grey | Melody Barnes is a trans woman. She is the victim of transphobia when Lucious finds out she is transgender, and he refuses to let her sing.[532] | |||
| Camilla Marks-Whiteman | Naomi Campbell | Camilla Marks-Whiteman is bisexual.[533] | |||
| 2015– | The Expanse | SyFy Amazon Prime Video |
Anna Volovodov | Elizabeth Mitchell | Anna Volovodov is a lesbian and has a wife and daughter.[534] |
| Julie Mao | Florence Faivre | Julie Mao is pansexual, according to her dating profile.[535] | |||
| Camina Drummer | Cara Gee | Camina Drummer is pansexual.[536] | |||
| Oksana | Sandrine Holt | Oksana is pansexual.[537] | |||
| Namono Volovodov | Raven Dauda | Namono Volovodov is a lesbian.[538] | |||
| 2015 | Eye Candy | MTV | Connor North | John Garet Stoker | Connor North is gay and dates Oliver in Season 1.[539] |
| Oliver | Parker Pogue | ||||
| 2015– | Fear The Walking Dead | AMC Studios | Victor Strand | Colman Domingo | Victor Strand and Thomas Abigail are gay and were in a relationship.[540] |
| Thomas Abigail | Dougray Scott | ||||
| Althea ("Al") Szewczek-Przygocki | Maggie Grace | Althea ("Al") Szewczek-Przygocki is lesbian.[541] | |||
| Isabelle | Sydney Lemmon | Isabelle is lesbian.[541] | |||
| 2015 | Flesh and Bones | Starz | Paul Grayson | Ben Daniels | Paul Grayson is bisexual.[542] |
| Trey | Karell Williams | Trey is gay.[543] | |||
| Eduardo | Anthony Lee Medina | Eduardo is a rent boy.[542] | |||
| 2015– | Glitch | ABC1 | Charlie Thompson | Sean Keenan | Charlie Thompson is gay and one of the characters who rises from the dead with no memory. Through a series of flashbacks he regains his memory and we learn that he was in love and in a relationship with one of his fellow soldiers.[544] |
| Gay Man #1 | Nick Hedger | Gay Man #1, Gay Man #2, Gay Older Man; characters that appeared in season 3, episode "First Times".[545] | |||
| Gay Man #2 | Ben Nicholson | ||||
| Gay Older Man | Damian Oehme | ||||
| 2015 | Home Fires | ITV | Teresa Fenchurch | Leanne Best | Teresa Fenchurch is a closeted lesbian.[546] |
| Connie Ward | Rachael Elizabeth | Connie Ward is a lesbian and died on a ship sunk by German U-Boats.[414] | |||
| 2015–2018 | Humans (aka HUM∀NS) |
Channel 4 | Niska | Emily Berrington | Niska is pansexual, and a synth (synthetic human). She falls in love with Astrid who is a human.[547][548] |
| Astrid | Bella Dayne | Astrid is bisexual, and falls in love with Synth Niska.[547][548] | |||
| 2015–2019 | Into the Badlands | AMC | Tilda | Ally Ioannides | Tilda is queer. Her brief love interest is Odessa.[549] |
| Odessa | Maddison Jaizani | Odessa is a lesbian, and have a brief relationship with Tilda.[549][550] | |||
| 2015–2019 | Jessica Jones | Netflix | Jeri Hogarth | Carrie-Anne Moss | Jeri Hogarth is lesbian. In season 2, she finds out that she has ALS and deals with the diagnosis by having an orgy with female sex workers.[551][552][553][554] |
| Wendy Ross-Hogarth | Robin Weigert | Wendy Ross-Hogarth is lesbian and Jeri's wife. They are divorcing.[555] | |||
| Pam | Susie Abromeit | Pam is lesbian, and Jeri's assistant and mistress.[556] | |||
| Kith Lyonne | Sarita Choudhury | Kith Lyonne is bisexual.[557] | |||
| Gillian | Aneesh Sheth | Gillian is a trans woman, and Jessica's tough as nails assistant. Gillian is portrayed by an openly trans actress.[558] | |||
| Inez Green | Leah Gibson | Inez Green is bisexual.[559] | |||
| Wendy Ross-Hogarth | Robin Weigert | Wendy Ross-Hogarth is a lesbian, and Jeri's ex-wife.[560][561] | |||
| Makayla | Cece King | Makayla is a bisexual sex worker.[562] | |||
| Pam | Susie Abromeit | Pam is a lesbian, and Jeri's former lover.[563] | |||
| 2015–2019 | Killjoys | Space SyFy |
Prima "Pree" Dezz | Thom Allison | Prima "Pree" Dezz is gay, and promoted to governor.[564] |
| Kendry Delle Seyah | Mayko Nguyen | Kendry Delle Seyah is a lesbian.[564][565] | |||
| Aneela Kin Ritt | Hannah John-Kamen | Aneela Kin Ritt is a lesbian.[564][565] | |||
| Dutch | Hannah John-Kamen | Dutch is pansexual.[564][566] | |||
| 2015 | London Spy | BBC Two | Danny Holt | Ben Whishaw | Danny Holt is gay, and a warehouse worker. Alex is his boyfriend, until he is found dead.[567][568] |
| Alex | Edward Holcroft | Alex is a gay spy, and Danny's boyfriend. He is found dead locked in a trunk.[567][569] | |||
| Scottie | Jim Broadbent | Scottie is gay, and Danny's best friend. He scolds Alex for being secretive all the time.[567] | |||
| 2015–2020 | Template:Sortname | Syfy | Eliot Waugh | Hale Appleman | Eliot Waugh is a gay king of a fantasy realm.[570] |
| Quentin Coldwater | Jason Ralph | Quentin Coldwater is bisexual. He slept with Eliot and Margo.[571] | |||
| Dark King | Sean Maguire | The Dark King is gay.[572] | |||
| Margo Hanson | Summer Bishil | Margo Hanson is bisexual.[573] | |||
| Marina Andrieski | Kacey Rohl | Marina Andrieski is lesbian.[574] | |||
| 2015–2017 | Master of None | Netflix | Denise | Lena Waithe | Denise is the lesbian best friend of main character Dev.[575] |
| 2015–2018 | Merlí | TV3 | Bruno | David Solans | Bruno is gay and hasn't come out of the closet. He is in love with Pol, with whom he made out at a party.[576] |
| Oliver | Iñaki Mur | Oliver is gay.[576] | |||
| Pol | Carlos Cuevas | Pol's sexual preference has been questioned In the second season Bruno and Pol have sex.[576] | |||
| Quima | Manel Barceló | Quima is a trans woman.[576] | |||
| 2015–2019 | Mr. Robot | USA Network | Gideon Goddard | Michel Gill | Gideon Goddard is gay, and the boss of the main character, Elliot.[577] |
| Tyrell Wellick | Martin Wallström | Tyrell Wellick is bisexual and sleeps with Anwar Raziz.[578] | |||
| Whiterose | BD Wong | Whiterose, the leader of a hacking collective, is a transgender woman.[579] | |||
| Harry | Randy Harrison | Harry is gay and Gideon's partner.[577][578] | |||
| Anwar Raziz | Mitchell Winter | Anwar Raziz is gay.[578] | |||
| Hot Carla | Eve Lindley | Hot Carla is transgender.[580] | |||
| Dominique DiPierro | Grace Gummer | Dominique DiPierro is lesbian, and an FBI agent.[581] | |||
| Darlene Alderson | Carly Chaikin | Darlene Alderson is bisexual, and a computer programmer and hacker.[582] | |||
| 2015–2017 | Narcos | Netflix | Hélmer "Pacho" Herrera | Alberto Ammann | Hélmer "Pacho" Herrera is a gay Colombian drug lord.[583] |
| 2015 | Olympus | Syfy | Prince Lykos | Wade Burns | Prince Lykos is gay. Kimon is his lover.[584] |
| Kimon | Levi Meaden | Kimon is gay and Prince Lykos' scribe and lover.[584] | |||
| Adriadne | Sophia Lauchlin Hirt | Adriadne is bisexual.[585] | |||
| 2015–2018 | The Path | Hulu | Hawk Lane | Kyle Allen | In the third season, Hawk Lane is sexually involved with a closeted gay Christian youth named Caleb Matthews.[586] |
| Caleb Matthews | Titus Makin Jr. | Caleb Matthews is gay, and has a relationship with Hawk Lane.[586] | |||
| Mary Cox | Emma Greenwell | Mary Cox is bisexual.[587] | |||
| Betsy | Whitney Crowder | Betsy is a lesbian.[587] | |||
| 2015–2018 | Quantico | ABC | Elias Harper | Rick Cosnett | Elias Harper is an openly gay intelligence analyst trainee at the FBI Academy.[588] |
| Hannah Wyland | Eliza Coupe | Hannah Wyland is bisexual and is Ryan Booth's ex-wife.[589] | |||
| Harry Doyle | Russell Tovey | Harry Doyle is an openly gay MI6 agent and CIA trainee.[590] | |||
| Will Olsen | Jay Armstrong Johnson | Will Olsen is a gay computer hacker.[591] | |||
| Sebastian Chen | David Lim | Sebastian Chen is gay.[590] | |||
| 2015 | Template:Sortname | A&E Netflix |
Dr. Julie Han | Sandrine Holt | Dr. Julie Han is a lesbian.[592] |
| Deputy Nikki Banks | Agnes Bruckner | Nikki Banks is a lesbian.[592] | |||
| 2015–2017 | Rosewood | FOX | Pippy Rosewood | Gabrielle Dennis | Pippy Rosewood is a lesbian. She has a relationship with TMI (Tara Milly Izikoff).[593] |
| Tara Milly Izikoff | Anna Konkle | Tara Milly Izikoff is bisexual, and in a relationship with Pippy.[594] | |||
| Cassie | Tia Mowry | Cassie is a lesbian, and Pippy's ex-girlfriend.[595] | |||
| 2015–2018 | Template:Sortname | E! | Eleanor Henstridge | Alexandra Park | Eleanor Henstridge is bisexual, and formerly involved with her bodyguard, Jasper.[596] |
| Samantha Cook | Sarah Dumont | Samantha Cook is bisexual and ex-girlfriend of Jasper.[597] | |||
| 2015–2018 | Sense8 | Netflix | Wolfgang Bogdanow | Max Riemelt | Wolfgang Bogdanow is bisexual.[598] |
| Sun Bak | Doona Bae | Sun Bak is pansexual.[599] | |||
| Nomi Marks | Jamie Clayton | Nomi Marks is a pansexual trans woman.[600] | |||
| Kala Dandekar | Tina Desai | Kala Dandekar is pansexual.[601] | |||
| Riley Blue | Tuppence Middleton | Riley Blue is pansexual.[602] | |||
| Capheus Onyango | Aml Ameen (season 1) Template:Nowrap |
Capheus Onyango is bisexual.[598] | |||
| Lito Rodriguez | Miguel Angel Silvestre | Lito Rodriguez is gay.[600] | |||
| Will Gorski | Brian J. Smith | Will Gorski is bisexual.[598][603] | |||
| Hernando | Alfonso Herrera | Hernando is gay and Lito's boyfriend.[600] | |||
| Amanita Caplan | Freema Agyeman | Amanita Caplan is bisexual and Nomi's girlfriend.[604] | |||
| Raoul Pasquale | Erik Hayser | Raoul Pasquale is Lito's first gay lover.[605] | |||
| Zakia Asalache | Mumbi Maina | Zakia Asalache is pansexual.[606] | |||
| Angelica Turing | Daryl Hannah | Angelica Turing is pansexual.[607] | |||
| Lila Facchini | Valeria Bilello | Lila Facchini is pansexual.[607] | |||
| Bodhi | Sarah Kants | Bodhi is pansexual.[607] | |||
| George | Arly Jover | George is a lesbian.[607] | |||
| Sara Patrell | Margot Thorne | Sara Patrell is pansexual.[607] | |||
| Carol Cumberland | Janet Ulrich Brooks | Carol Cumberland is pansexual.[607] | |||
| The Mother | Ursula Jones | The Mother is pansexual.[607] | |||
| 2015–2017 | Skam | NRK | Eskild Tryggvasson | Carl Martin Eggesbø | Eskild Tryggvasson is gay.[608] |
| Isak Valtersen | Tarjei Sandvik Moe | Isak Valtersen is gay.[608] | |||
| Even Bech Næsheim | Henrik Holm | Even Bech Næsheim is gay.[608] | |||
| 2015–2017 | Stitchers | Freeform | Camille Engelson | Allison Scagliotti | Camille Engelson is bisexual.[609] |
| Amanda Weston | Anna Akana | Amanda Weston is a lesbian.[609] | |||
| 2015– | Supergirl | The CW | Alex Danvers | Chyler Leigh | Alex Danvers comes out as a lesbian. She is the adopted sister of Supergirl.[610] |
| Maggie Sawyer | Floriana Lima | Maggie Sawyer is a lesbian and a police detective.[611] | |||
| Nia Nal(Dreamer) | Nicole Maines | Nia Nal is a transgender woman working at CatCO.[612] | |||
| Kelly Olsen | Azie Tesfai | Kelly Olsen is a lesbian.[610] | |||
| 2015–2016 | This Life | CBC | Oliver Lawson | Kristopher Turner | Oliver Lawson is gay and the brother of the main character.[613] |
| 2015– | Unforgotten | ITV | Eric Slater | Tom Courtenay | Eric Slater is bisexual.[614] |
| Jimmy Sullivan | Harley Alexander-Sule | Jimmy Sullivan was Eric's gay lover.[614] | |||
| Colin Osborne | Mark Bonnar | Colin Osborne is gay.[615] | |||
| Simon Osborne | Charlie Condou | Simon Osborne is gay and Colin's husband.[615] | |||
| 2015–2018 | UnREAL | Lifetime | Jay | Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman | Jay is a gay TV producer.[616] |
| Faith | Breeda Wool | Faith is a lesbian.[617] | |||
| Alexi Petrov | Alex Sparrow | Alexi Petrov is gay.[618] | |||
| Xavier | Jaime Callica | Xavier is gay.[619] | |||
| Fiona | Tracie Thoms | Fiona is a lesbian.[620] | |||
| 2015–2018 | Versailles | Canal+ | Philippe d'Orléans | Alexander Vlahos | Philippe d'Orléans is gay.[621] |
| Chevalier de Lorraine | Evan Williams | Chevalier de Lorraine is gay.[622] | |||
| 2015–2016 | Wayward Pines | FOX | Frank Armstrong | Michael Garza | Frank Armstrong is gay.[623] |
| 2015– | Westside | TV3 | Bjelke "Bilkey" van Heeder | Todd Emerson | Bjelke "Bilkey" van Heeder is gay.[624] |
| 2015 | You, Me and the Apocalypse | Sky 1 | Scotty McNeil | Kyle Soller | Scotty McNeil is gay.[625] |
| Arnold Gaines | Paterson Joseph | Arnold Gaines is gay.[625] | |||
| 2015– | Younger | TV Land | Maggie | Debi Mazar | Maggie is lesbian.[626] |
| Lauren Heller | Molly Bernard | Lauren Heller is lesbian.[626] |
2016
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2016– | 3% | Netflix | Joana Coelho | Vaneza Oliveira | Joana is bisexual and an orphan who survived on her own at the margins of society on the streets of the Inland.[627] |
| Natália | Amanda Magalhães | Natalia is lesbian and Joana's partner. Joana and Natalia start a revolution against Maralto.[627] | |||
| Ariel | Marina Matheus | Ariel is a trans woman.[627] | |||
| Láis | Fernanda Vasconcellos | Láis is bisexual.[627] | |||
| Samira | Maria Flor | Samira is bisexual.[627] | |||
| 2016– | Template:Sortname | BBC One SundanceTV |
Tom Clarke | Matt Greenwood | Tom is _____.[628] |
| 2016 | American Gothic | CBS | Alison Hawthorne-Price | Juliet Rylance | Alison Hawthorne-Price is bisexual.[629] |
| Naomi Flynn | Maureen Sebastian | Naomi Flynn is a lesbian.[630] | |||
| 2016– | Animal Kingdom | TNT | Deran Cody | Jake Weary | Deran Cody is gay.[631][632] |
| Lila Cole | Lila Cole is a lesbian.[633] | ||||
| Adrian Dolan | Spencer Treat Clark | Adrian Dolan is gay.[631][632] | |||
| Janine "Smurf" Cody | Ellen Barkin | Janine "Smurf" Cody is bisexual.[634] | |||
| Mark Liston | Andy Favreau | Mark Liston is gay.[635] | |||
| Linc | Damon Erik Williams | Linc is gay.[636] | |||
| 2016 | Barracuda | ABC | Danny Kelly | Elias Anton | Danny Kelly is gay.[637] |
| Martin Taylor | Ben Kindon | Martin Taylor is Danny Kelly's love interest.[638] | |||
| Demet | Nicole Gulasekharam | Demet is a lesbian.[639] | |||
| 2016– | Berlin Station | Epix | Hector DeJean | Rhys Ifans | Hector DeJean is gay when it's a matter of national security.[640] |
| 2016– | Better Things | FX | Sil | Ser Anzoategui | Sil is non-binary.[641] |
| Tressa | Rebecca Merz | Tressa is a lesbian.[642] | |||
| Frankie Fox | Hannah Alligood | Frankie Fox is gender queer.[643][644] | |||
| Mer Kodis | Marsha Thomason | Mer Kodis is a lesbian.[645] | |||
| 2016– | Billions | Showtime | Tara Mohr | Annapurna Sriram | Tara Mohr is a lesbian.[646] |
| Donnie Caan | David Cromer | Donnie Caan and Walter are married.[647] | |||
| Walter | Matthew Humphreys | ||||
| Taylor Mason | Asia Kate Dillon | Taylor Mason is non-binary.[648] | |||
| Lauren Turner | Jade Eshete | Lauren Turner is a lesbian.[649] | |||
| Fiona | Michaela Sprague | Fiona is a lesbian.[650] | |||
| 2016– | Bull | CBS | Chunk Palmer | Chris Jackson | Chunk Palmer is gay.[651] |
| 2016–2017 | Template:Sortname | ABC | Margot Bishop | Sonya Walger | Margot Bishop is bisexual.[652] |
| Felicity | Shivani Ghai | Felicity is bisexual.[653] | |||
| Shawn Sullivan | Caleb Smith | Shawn Sullivan is gay. Shawn Sullivan asks Danny Yoon out on a date. Danny Yoon declines. Sophie Novak tells Danny Yoon, "I knew he was gay this whole time".[654] | |||
| 2016 | The Cate Morland Chronicles | YouTube | Eleanor Monk | Erika Ovudoba | Eleanor is a lesbian. She is Cate Morland's best friend. Web series that is an adaption of Jane Austen's novel, Northanger Abbey.[655][656][657][658] |
| 2016 | Class | BBC Three | Charlie Smith | Greg Austin | Charlie Smith is gay. His boyfriend is Matteusz Andrzejewski.[659][660] |
| Matteusz Andrzejewski | Jordan Renzo | Matteusz Andrzejewski is gay. His boyfriend is Charlie Smith.[659][660] | |||
| 2016 | Template:Sortname | Amazon Prime Video BBC Worldwide |
Claude Sabine | Tom Riley | Claude Sabine is gay.[661][662] |
| 2016 | Conviction | ABC | Hayes Morrison | Hayley Atwell | Hayes Morrison is bisexual.[663] |
| Jackson Morrison | Daniel Franzese | Jackson Morrison is gay.[664] | |||
| Franklin "Frankie" Cruz | Manny Montana | Franklin "Frankie" Cruz is in love with Rey Armas.[665] | |||
| Rey Armas | Ian Paola | ||||
| Naomi Golden | Ilfenesh Hadera | Naomi Golden is bisexual and Hayes Morrison's ex-girlfriend.[666] | |||
| 2016 | Crashing | Channel 4 | Fred | Amit Shah | Fred is _____.[667][668] |
| Sam | Jonathan Bailey | Sam is _____.[667][668] | |||
| Will | Lachie Chapman | Will is _____.[669] | |||
| 2016– | The Crown | Netflix | Antony Armstrong-Jones | Matthew Goode | Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon is bisexual.[670] |
| Patrick | Michael Therriault | ||||
| 2016– | Degrassi: Next Class | Family Channel | Miles Hollingsworth III | Eric Osborne | Miles is bisexual.[671] |
| Zoe Rivas | Ana Golja | Zoe is a lesbian.[671] | |||
| Tristan Milligan | Lyle Lettau | Tristan is gay.[671] | |||
| Vijay Maraji | Dante Scott | Vijay is gay.[671] | |||
| Yael Baron | Jamie Bloch | Yael is non-binary/genderqueer and uses they/them pronouns.[671] | |||
| Rasha Zuabi | Dalia Yegavian | Rasha is a lesbian.[671] | |||
| Esme Song | Chelsea Clark | Esme and Frankie enter a polyamorous relationship with Zig.[671] | |||
| Francesca "Frankie" Hollingsworth | Sara Waisglass | ||||
| 2016 | The Deleted | Fullscreen | Agatha | Madeline Brewer | Agatha is bisexual.[672] |
| Sophie | Julia Kelly | Sophie is bisexual.[673] | |||
| 2016–2019 | Designated Survivor | ABC | Dontae Evans | Ben Watson | Dontae is gay.[674] |
| Sasha Booker | Jamie Clayton | Sasha is a trans woman.[674] | |||
| 2016–2019 | Template:Sortname | ITV | Sven | Ulric von der Esch | Sven is gay.[675] |
| 2016–2019 | Easy | Netflix | Jo | Jacqueline Toboni | Jo and Chase meet, fall in love, and become a lesbian couple in season 1 episode 2, "Vegan Cinderella".[676] |
| Chase | Kiersey Clemons | ||||
| 2016– | El marginal | Televisión Pública Argentina | Juan Pablo "Diosito" Borges | Nicolás Furtado | Juan is bisexual. He is in love with Miguel Palacios/Osvaldo Peña.[677][678] |
| Morcilla | Carlos Portaluppi | Morcilla is bisexual.[677][678] | |||
| Fiorella | Guido Botto Fiora | Fiorella is gay. He is in a relationship with Morcilla.[677][678] | |||
| 2016 | Eyewitness | USA Network | Philip Shea | Tyler Young | Philip Shea is gay, his lover is Lukas Waldenbeck.[679] |
| Lukas Waldenbeck | James Paxton | Lukas Waldenbeck is gay, his lover is Philip Shea.[680][681] | |||
| 2016–2018 | Falling Water | USA Network | Alexis Simms | Sepideh Moafi | Detective Alexis Simms is lesbian. She lives with Christine.[682] |
| Christine | Parisa Fitz-Henley | Christine is lesbian and the girlfriend of Alexis.[682] | |||
| 2016 | Template:Sortname | ABC | Willa Warren | Alison Pill | Willa Warren is a lesbian.[683][684] |
| Bridey Cruz | Floriana Lima | Bridey Cruz is bisexual.[685] | |||
| 2016–2017 | Template:Sortname | Netflix | Marcus 'Dizzee' Kipling | Jaden Smith | Dizzee and Thor are featured in a gay storyline. They go to an exclusive underground LGBT club and kiss.[686][687] |
| Thor | Noah Le Gros | ||||
| 2016 | Gilmore Girls: A Year in the Life | Netflix | Michel Gerard | Yanic Truesdale | Michel Gerard is gay.[688][689] |
| Donald | Sam Pancake | Donald is gay.[689][690] | |||
| 2016– | Template:Sortname | Starz | Christine Reade | Riley Keough | Christine Reade is bisexual.[691] |
| Avery Suhr | Kate Lyn Sheil | Avery Suhr is a lesbian.[692][693] | |||
| Darya Esford | Narges Rashidi | Darya Esford is a lesbian.[694] | |||
| Anna Garner | Louisa Krause | Anna Garner is a lesbian.[693][695] | |||
| Erica Myles | Erica Myles is a lesbian.[693][695] | ||||
| 2016– | Goliath | Amazon Prime Video | Michelle McBride | Maria Bello | Michelle McBride is bisexual.[696] |
| Callie Senate | Molly Parker | Callie Senate is a lesbian.[697] | |||
| 2016 | The Good Wife (South Korean) |
tvN | Kim Dan | Nana | Kim Dan is bisexual, and an investigator for a law firm. Kim Dan is the first bisexual woman on a Korean drama.[698][699] |
| 2016–2018 | Hap and Leonard | SundanceTV | Leonard Pine | Michael K. Williams | Leonard Pine is a gay black Vietnam vet.[700] |
| Raoul | Enrique Murciano | Raoul is gay.[701] | |||
| 2016 | Heartbeat | NBC | Max Eliott | Joshua Leonard | Max Eliott is gay.[702] |
| 2016-2017 | I Love Dick | Amazon Prime Video | Devon | Roberta Colindrez | Devon is a queer. She is a butch cowboy who works as a groundskeeper at an artist colony.[703][704] |
| Toby | Bobbi Salvör Menuez | Toby is a bisexual artist at the colony and has a brief fling with Devon.[705][706] | |||
| 2016–2017 | Incorporated | Syfy | Theo Marquez | Eddie Ramos | Theo Marquez's boyfriend is Anthony.[707] |
| Anthony | Matt Landry | ||||
| 2016– | Jamie Johnson | CBBC | Dillon Simmonds | Patrick Ward | Dillon Simmonds comes out as gay in season 5.[708][709] |
| Elliot | Laquarn Lewis | Elliot is gay.[708][709] | |||
| Becky Walker-Cotton | Mali Tudno Jones | Becky Walker-Cotton is lesbian.[710] | |||
| Dawn Walker-Cotton | Tonya Smith | Dawn Walker-Cotton is lesbian.[711] | |||
| 2016– | Legends of Tomorrow | CW | Sara Lance | Caity Lotz | Sara Lance is bisexual.[712] |
| Todd Rice | Lance Henriksen | Todd Rice is gay.[713] | |||
| Ava Sharpe | Jes Macallan | Ava Sharpe is a lesbian. Ava enters into a relationship with Sara.[714] | |||
| Lindsay Carlisle | Ali Liebert | Lindsay Carlisle is a lesbian.[715] | |||
| Queen Anne | Rebecca Eady | Queen Anne is bisexual. She sleeps with Sara in episode "Out of Time", and later consummates her marriage to the King of France.[716] | |||
| Guinevere | Elyse Levesque | Guinevere is bisexual, and an English queen featured in episode "Camelot/3000" who develops a crush on Sara and they kiss.[717] | |||
| Alex Danvers | Chyler Leigh | Alex Danvers is a lesbian, she has a one-night stand with Sara.[718] | |||
| Captain Cold | Wentworth Miller | Citizen Cold is gay.[719] | |||
| Ray Terrill | Russell Tovey | Ray is gay.[719] | |||
| John Constantine | Matt Ryan | John is bisexual.[720] | |||
| Gary Green | Adam Tsekhman | Gary is bisexual.[721] | |||
| Desmond | Christian Keyes | Desmond is queer and had a relationship with John Constantine.[722] | |||
| Kate Kane | Wallis Day | Kate Kane is lesbian.[723] | |||
| Charlie | Maisie Richardson-Sellers | Charlie is pansexual and genderfluid.[724] | |||
| Nyssa al Ghul | Katrina Law | Nyssa al Ghul is bisexual.[725] | |||
| Miss Sinclair | Sophia Johnson | Miss Sinclair is a lesbian.[726] | |||
| 2016– | Lucifer | Fox Netflix |
Lucifer Morningstar | Tom Ellis | Lucifer is bisexual[727] |
| Mazikeen (Maze) | Lesley-Ann Brandt | Maze is queer.[728] | |||
| Eve | Inbar Lavi | Eve is pansexual.[729] | |||
| 2016–2018 | Luke Cage | Netflix | Hernan "Shades" Alvarez | Theo Rossi | Shades is bisexual.[730][731] |
| Comanche Jones | Thomas Q. Jones | Comanche is gay.[730][731] | |||
| 2016– | Marcella | ITV | Matthew Neil | Ben Cura | Matthew Neil is Yann Hall's boyfriend.[732] |
| Yann Hall | Tobias Santelmann | Yann Hall is Matthew Neil's boyfriend.[733] | |||
| Cara Thomas | Florence Pugh | Cara Thomas is bisexual.[734] | |||
| Sascha Kyte | Victoria Broom | Sascha is a lesbian.[735] | |||
| Jojo Baines | Tamzin Malleson | Jojo Baines is lesbian.[735] | |||
| 2016–2018 | Template:Sortname | BBC One | Major Lance "Corky" Corkoran | Tom Hollander | Lance is ____.[736][737] |
| 2016–2017 | No Tomorrow | The CW | Kareema | Sarayu Blue | Kareema is bisexual.[738] |
| Sofia | Marta Milans | Sofia is bisexual.[739] | |||
| 2016 | Notorious | ABC | Levi | Ramon de Ocampo | Levi admitted he was in love with Oscar, and then he committed suicide in front of Julia.[740][741] |
| 2016– | Template:Sortname | Netflix | Buck Vu | Ian Alexander | Buck Vu is transgender.[742] |
| Alfonso "French" Sosa | Brandon Perea | Alfonso is gay.[742] | |||
| 2016–2017 | Pure Genius | CBS | Jess Wallace | Taylor Rose | Jess Wallace is a lesbian.[743] |
| Ally (Ali) | Irene Choi | Ally (Ali) is a lesbian.[744] | |||
| Gloria | Jazzmun | Gloria is a trans woman.[745] | |||
| 2016 | Quarry | Cinemax | Buddy | Damon Herriman | Buddy is gay, and an assassin for hire.[746][747] |
| 2016 | Recovery Road | Freeform | Vern Testaverde | Daniel Franzese | Vern Testaverde is gay and an ex-cocaine addict.[748] |
| 2016–2018 | Shades of Blue | NBC | Lieutenant Matt Wozniak | Ray Liotta | Wozniak is bisexual and the corrupt commander of the 64th Precinct.[749][750] |
| Donnie Pomp | Michael Esper | Donnie Pomp shares a kiss with Lieutenant Matt Wozniak, and has sex with him.[751] | |||
| Nate Wozniak | Cameron Scoggins | Nate Wozniak is gay.[752] | |||
| 2016–2017 | Template:Sortname | MTV Spike |
Eretria | Ivana Baquero | Eretria is bisexual. She may have romantic feelings for Amberle in season 1.[753][754] |
| Princess Lyria | Vanessa Morgan | Princess Lyria was in a relationship with Eretria in season 2.[753][754] | |||
| Zora | Zoe Robins | Zora is a lesbian.[755] | |||
| 2016–2017 | SOTUS: The Series | One 31 Line TV |
Kongpob | Singto Prachaya | Kongpob and Arthrit are gay love interests.[756] |
| Arthrit | Krist Perawat | ||||
| 2016–2019 | Star | FOX | Simone Davis | Brittany O'Grady | Simone Davis is bisexual. She kissed her troubled friend, Karen, in the fifth episode of season 2.[757] |
| Cotton Brown | Amiyah Scott | Cotton Brown is the transgender daughter of Carlota Brown.[757] | |||
| Miss Bruce | Miss Lawrence | Miss Bruce is a trans woman.[757] | |||
| Karen Williams | Imani Lewis | Karen Williams is a lesbian.[757] | |||
| Nina Ferrera | Camila Banus | Nina Ferrera is bisexual.[757] | |||
| Rachel Wallace | Paris Jackson | Rachel Wallace is a lesbian.[757] | |||
| 2016– | Stranger Things | Netflix | Robin Buckley | Maya Hawke | Robin Buckley is lesbian.[758][759] |
| 2016– | This Is Us | NBC | William Hill | Ron Cephas Jones | William Hill is bisexual and had a relationship with Jessie.[760][761] |
| Jessie | Denis O'Hare | ||||
| Tess Pearson | Eris Baker; Iantha Richardson |
Tess comes out as a lesbian.[762] | |||
| Alex | Presley Alexander | Alex is non-binary and undefined orientation.[763] | |||
| Animal Shelter Clerk | Lena Waithe | Animal Shelter Clerk is a lesbian.[764] | |||
| 2016–2018 | Timeless | NBC | Denise Christopher | Sakina Jaffrey | Denise is a lesbian and a Special Agent. She's married to Michelle, with whom she has a son and daughter.[765] |
| 2016–2017 | Too Close to Home | TLC | Dax | Nick Ballard | Dax and Victor are a gay couple.[766][767] |
| Victor | Charles Justo | ||||
| 2016–2018 | Travelers | Showcase Netflix |
Joanne Yates | Kimberley Sustad | Joanne Yates is lesbian.[768][769] |
| Samantha Burns | Karen Holness | Samantha Burns is a lesbian.[768][769] | |||
| Amanda Myers | Enid-Raye Adams | Amanda Myers is a lesbian.[768][769] | |||
| 2016– | Van Helsing | Syfy | Susan Jackson | Hilary Jardine | Susan Jackson is a lesbian.[770] |
| Vanessa Helsing | Kelly Overton | Vanessa Helsing is bisexual.[770] | |||
| Dracula | Tricia Helfer | Dracula is bisexual.[770] | |||
| Jack | Nicole Muñoz | Jack is a lesbian.[770] | |||
| Sarah "Doc" Carol | Rukiya Bernard | Sarah "Doc" Carol is a lesbian.[770] | |||
| Bathory | Jesse Stanley | Bathory is a lesbian.[770] | |||
| Ivory | Jennifer Cheon | Ivory is a lesbian.[770] | |||
| Jolene | Caroline Cave | Jolene is a lesbian.[770] | |||
| Michaela | Heather Doerksen | Michaela is a lesbian.[770] | |||
| 2016– | Victoria | ITV | Lord Alfred Paget | Jordan Waller | Lord Alfred and Lord Edward have a romantic attraction for each other and share a kiss in season 2.[771][772] |
| Lord Edward Drummond | Leo Suter | ||||
| 2016– | Westworld | HBO | Logan | Ben Barnes | Logan is bisexual. He is seen having sex with both a man and a woman in episode 2 of season 1.[773] |
| Clementine Pennyfeather | Angela Sarafyan | Clementine Pennyfeather is pansexual.[774] | |||
| Elsie Hughes | Shannon Woodward | Elsie Hughes is a lesbian.[774] | |||
| Marti | Bojana Novakovic | Marti is bisexual.[774] | |||
| 2016–2021 | Wynonna Earp | Syfy CHCH-DT Space |
Waverly Earp | Dominique Provost-Chalkley | Waverly, the younger sister of Wynonna, had a boyfriend until she met Nicole Haught.[775] |
| Nicole Haught | Katherine Barrell | Nicole Haught is a lesbian.[775] | |||
| Jeremy Chetri | Varun Saranga | Jeremy is gay.[776] | |||
| Robin | Justin Kelly | Robin is gay.[776][777] | |||
| Rosita Bustillos | Tamara Duarte | Rosita Bustillos is bisexual.[778] | |||
| Shae | Clark Backo | Shae is a lesbian.[779] | |||
| Ambrose "Fish" | Tyrell Crews | Fish is gay. He was in a relationship with Levi.[780] | |||
| Levi | Christian Goutsis | Levi is gay. He was in a relationship with Fish.[780] | |||
| 2016 | The Young Pope | HBO | Cardinal Bernardo Gutierrez | Javier Cámara | Cardinal Bernardo Gutierrez comes out as gay in the first season's final episode.[781] |
| Cardinal Andrew Dussolier | Scott Shepherd | Andrew is bisexual. He has sex with a man and a woman in episode 6 of season 1.[782][783] | |||
| Cardinal Mario Assente | Maurizio Lombardi | Cardinal Mario Assente is gay.[784] | |||
| Ángelo Sanchez | Marcos Franz | Ángelo Sanchez is gay. He commits suicide after being rejected to becoming a priest.[783] | |||
| Freddy Blakestone | Alex Esola | Freddy is gay.[785] | |||
| Archbishop Kurtwell | Guy Boyd | Archbishop Kurtwell is gay.[785] | |||
| Cardinal Michel Marivaux | Sebastian Roché | Cardinal Michel Marivaux is gay.[786] |
2017
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017–2020 | 13 Reasons Why | Netflix | Courtney Crimsen | Michele Selene Ang | Courtney is a lesbian. She was closeted until the season 2 finale. episode "Bye", when she came out to her adoptive gay parents.[787] |
| Todd Crimsen | Robert Gant | Todd and Steve are gay and Courtney's parents.[787] | |||
| Steve Crimsen | Alex Quiojan | ||||
| Ryan Shaver | Tommy Dorfman | Ryan told Hannah he was gay in episode "Tape 4, Side B".[788][789] | |||
| Tony Padilla | Christian Navarro | Tony is openly gay. He used to date Ryan and Brad, but is now dating Caleb.[790] | |||
| Brad | Henry Zaga | Brad is gay, and Caleb's boyfriend.[788] | |||
| Caleb | R.J. Brown | Caleb is gay and Tony's boyfriend.[791] | |||
| Tamika | Clarke Hollingsworth | Tamika is ____ and Courtney's girlfriend.[787] | |||
| Montgomery "Monty" de la Cruz | Timothy Granaderos | Monty is gay and closeted.[792][793] | |||
| Winston Williams | Deaken Bluman | Winston is gay. He tells Alex in the final episode "Graduation", that he loved Monty but that he also loves him.[792][793] | |||
| Alex Standall | Miles Heizer | Alex is bisexual.[794] | |||
| Charlie St. George | Tyler Barnhardt | Charlie is bisexual. He dates Alex and comes out to his dad in episode "Prom".[795] | |||
| Hansen Foundry | Reed Diamond | Hansen is gay. He is a member of staff at the school.[796] | |||
| 2017 | 195 Lewis | 195 Lewis (series website) |
Yuri | Rae Leone Allen | Yuri is lesbian.[797] |
| Camille | Sirita Wright | Camille is lesbian.[797] | |||
| 2017 | 24 Legacy | Fox | Andy Shalowitz | Dan Bucatinsky | Andy Shalowitz is openly gay. He is a communication analyst at CTU.[798][799] |
| Thomas Locke | Bailey Chase | Thomas Locke is gay. He is a CTU agent and the head of field operations.[798][799] | |||
| 2017–2019 | A Series of Unfortunate Events | Netflix | Charles | Rhys Darby | Charles is gay and used to be in a relationship with Sir.[800][801] |
| Sir | Don Johnson | Sir is gay and used to be Charles' partner in both business and marriage.[800][801] | |||
| Babs | Kerri Kenney | Babs is lesbian.[802] | |||
| 2017– | Ackley Bridge | Channel 4 | Nasreen Paracha | Amy-Leigh Hickman | Nasreen comes out to her mother as a lesbian and tells her she's in love with another woman (series 1, episode 5).[803] |
| Lila Shariff | Anneika Rose | Lila is a lesbian and a science teacher.[804] | |||
| Naveed Haider | Gurjeet Singh | Naveed is gay.[805] | |||
| Sam Murgatroyd | Megan Parkinson | Sam is lesbian and Nasreen's girlfriend.[803] | |||
| Cory Wilson | Sam Retford | Cory is bisexual. Cory and Naveed kissed and slept together. Cory slept with a girl the day after he had sex with Naveed.[805] | |||
| 2017– | American Gods | Starz | Bilquis | Yetide Badaki | Bilquis is pansexual and a goddess.[806][807] |
| Jinn | Mousa Kraish | Jinn is gay. Jinn and Salim become romantically involved.[806][807] | |||
| Salim | Omid Abtahi | Salim is gay. Jinn and Salim become romantically involved.[806][807] | |||
| Samantha ("Sam") Black Crow | Devery Jacobs | Sam is lesbian.[806][807] | |||
| 2017–2019 | Andi Mack | Disney Channel | Cyrus Goodman | Joshua Rush | Cyrus is gay and enters a relationship with TJ in the finale. Andi Mack is the first Disney Channel series with a character that comes out as gay.[808][809][810] |
| TJ Kippen | Luke Mullen | TJ is gay, and holds hands with Cyrus in the finale. Andi Mack made history with Disney's first character to say "I'm gay".[808][809] | |||
| 2017–2019 | Anne with an E | CBC Netflix |
Josephine Barry | Deborah Grover | Josephine is a lesbian. She had a long-term partner, now deceased.[811] |
| Cole Mackenzie | Cory Grüter-Andrew | Cole is gay.[811] | |||
| 2017– | Atypical | Netflix | Casey | Brigette Lundy-Paine | Casey is bisexual.[812] |
| Izzie | Fivel Stewart | Izzie is bisexual. Casey and Izzie begin dating.[812] | |||
| 2017– | The Bastards of Pizzofalcone | RAI | Alex Di Nardo | Simona Tabasco | Alex is lesbian. Alex and Rosaria are in a relationship.[813][814] |
| Rosaria Martone | Serena Iansiti | Rosaria is lesbian. Alex and Rosaria are in a relationship.[813][814] | |||
| 2017– | Black Spot | France 2 Netflix |
Martial "Nounours" Ferrandis | Hubert Delattre | Nounours is a gay police officer.[815] |
| 2017 | Blood Drive | SyFy | The Scholar | Darren Kent | The Scholar is ____.[816] |
| The Gentleman | Andrew James Hall | The Gentleman is ____.[816] | |||
| 2017– | The Bold Type | Freeform | Adena El-Amin | Nikohl Boosheri | Adena is a lesbian Muslim feminist and professional photographer who begins a romance with Kat.[817] |
| Kat Edison | Aisha Dee | Kat is bisexual. When she falls in love with Adena she first thinks she is lesbian. However, she later has feelings for a man and realizes she is attracted to men and women.[818][819] | |||
| Leila | Katerina Tannembaum | Leila is lesbian and Adena's ex.[818][819] | |||
| Tia Clayton | Alexis Floyd | Tia is lesbian and Kat's love interest.[818][819] | |||
| Oliver Grayson | Stephen Conrad Moore | Oliver is gay.[820] | |||
| Andrew | Adam Capriolo | Andrew is gay and a drag queen.[820] | |||
| Eva Rhodes | Alex Paxton-Beesley | Eva is lesbian and Kat's love interest.[821] | |||
| 2017 | Borderliner | Netflix | Nikolai Andreassen | Tobias Santelmann | Nikolai is closeted and has a secret boyfriend, Kristoffer.[822] |
| Kristoffer Lund | Morten Svartveit | Kristoffer is gay and Nikolai's boyfriend.[822] | |||
| 2017– | Charité | Netflix | Sister Therese | Klara Deutschmann | Therese is lesbian.[823] |
| Otto Marquardt | Jannik Schümann | Otto is gay.[823] | |||
| Martin Schelling | Jacob Matschenz | Martin is gay.[824] | |||
| 2017– | Claws | TNT | Quiet Ann | Judy Reyes | Quiet Ann is ____.[825][826] |
| Uncle Daddy | Dean Norris | Uncle Daddy is ____.[825][826] | |||
| Toby | Evan Daigle | Toby is ____.[827][828] | |||
| 2017– | Dark | Netflix | Peter Doppler | Stephan Kampwirth | Peter is gay and closeted.[829][830] |
| Agnes Nielsen | Antje Traue | In 1953, Agnes and Doris were secret lovers.[831] | |||
| Doris Tiedemann | Luise Heyer | ||||
| Bernadette Wöller | Anton Rubtsov | Bernadette is a trans woman.[832][833] | |||
| 2017 | Daytime Divas | VH1 | Kibby Ainsley | Chloe Bridges | Kibby is bisexual.[834] |
| Ella | Will Buie Jr. | Ella is an eight year old trans girl, introduced in the series "Pilot".[835][836][837] | |||
| 2017– | Dear White People | Netflix | Lionel Higgins | DeRon Horton | Lionel is gay.[838] |
| Silvio Romo | D.J. Blickenstaff | Silvio is gay and Lionel's love interest.[839] | |||
| Neika Hobbs | Nia Long | Neika and Monique are a lesbian couple.[840] | |||
| Monique | Zee James | ||||
| Connor | Luke O'Sullivan | Connor and his "not exactly" girlfriend Becca, try to seduce Lionel into a threesome. Connor is using Becca as a buffer to cover up his primary interest in men.[841][842] | |||
| Kelsey Phillips | Nia Jervier | In season 2, episode 4, Kelsey tells Coco that she's a lesbian.[843] | |||
| Wesley Alvarez | Rudy Martinez | Wesley is gay and Lionel's love interest.[844] | |||
| P. Ninny | Lena Waithe | P. Ninny is a lesbian.[843] | |||
| Genifer | Quei Tann | Genifer is transgender.[838] | |||
| 2017–2019 | The Deuce | HBO | Paul | Chris Coy | Paul is gay and a bartender at Vincent Martino's bar, the Hi-Hat.[845] |
| 2017– | Dynasty | The CW Netflix |
Steven Carrington | James Mackay | Steven has a one-night stand with Sam in the pilot episode.[846] |
| Sam Jones | Rafael de la Fuente | Sam is gay.[847] | |||
| 2017 | Emerald City | NBC | The Witch of the West | Ana Ularu | West is a lesbian, and a slutty junkie who runs a brothel.[848][849] |
| 2017– | The End of the F***ing World | Channel 4 Netflix |
Eunice Noon | Gemma Whelan | Eunice Noon is a lesbian. Noon and Darego are police force partners.[850] |
| Teri Darego | Wunmi Mosaku | Teri Darego is a lesbian.[850] | |||
| 2017–2018 | Famous in Love | Freeform | Alexis Glenn | Niki Koss | Alexis is bisexual and has an affair with Rachel.[851] |
| Rachel Davis | Katelyn Tarver | Rachel is a lesbian.[852] | |||
| 2017– | Feud | FX | Victor Buono | Dominic Burgess | Victor is ____.[853] |
| 2017 | The Frozen Dead | M6 | Irène Ziegler | Julia Piaton | Ziegler is openly lesbian and the captain of the St. Martin detective squad.[854] |
| Greta | Sophie Guillemin | Greta is Ziegler's partner and owner of a local inn where they reside together.[855] | |||
| 2017 | Godless | Netflix | Marie Agnes MacNue | Merritt Weaver | Mary Agnes is bisexual. The widow of the town's mayor, she wears her husband's clothes and is in a same-sex relationship with the town's schoolteacher, Callie Dunne.[856] |
| Callie Dunne | Tess Frazer | Callie is a lesbian and the town's teacher. She was a prostitute in La Belle's brothel before it was turned into a school.[857] | |||
| 2017– | Gone | NBC | James | Andy Mientus | James was kicked out of his home after his father found out that he was gay and later got kidnapped because of it.[858] |
| 2017– | Template:Sortname | CBS All Access | Maia Rindell | Rose Leslie | Maia is lesbian. Amy is lesbian and Maia's girlfriend.[859][860] |
| Amy Breslin | Heléne Yorke | ||||
| 2017 | Gypsy | Netflix | Jean Holloway | Naomi Watts | Jean is bisexual, married to a man, and becomes obsessed with Sidney.[861] |
| Sidney Pierce | Sophie Cookson | Sidney is bisexual and the former girlfriend of one of Jean's male patients.[862] | |||
| Dolly Holloway | Maren Heary | Dolly is Jean's daughter and may be lesbian or transgender.[863] | |||
| 2017 | Template:Sortname | ITV | Toby Hamilton | Edward Bluemel | Toby is secretly gay.[864] |
| Adil Joshi | Akshay Kumar | Adil is having a secret gay affair with Toby.[865] | |||
| 2017– | Template:Sortname | Hulu | Moira | Samira Wiley | Moira had a girlfriend before.[866] |
| Emily | Alexis Bledel | Emily and Sylvia were married and had a kid before.[867][868] | |||
| Sylvia | Clea DuVall | ||||
| Peter | Ben Lewis | Peter is gay.[869] | |||
| Dan | John Carroll Lynch | Dan is gay, and lynched because of his sexuality.[870] | |||
| Odette | Rebecca Rittenhouse | Odette is a lesbian.[871] | |||
| Offred | Elizabeth Moss | Offred is a lesbian.[866] | |||
| 2017– | Harlots | ITV Encore Hulu |
Margaret Wells | Samantha Morton | Margaret is bisexual. She and William North are common law wife and husband, and she reciprocates Nancy Birch's interest in her.[872] |
| Charlotte Wells | Jessica Brown Findlay | Charlotte is bisexual.[872] | |||
| Nancy Birch | Kate Fleetwood | Nancy is a lesbian.[872] | |||
| Violet Cross | Rosalind Eleazar | Violet and Amelia are in a romantic relationship.[872][873] | |||
| Amelia Scanwell | Jordon Stevens | ||||
| Prince Rasselas | Josef Altin | Prince Rasselas is a gay sex worker and lives with his male partner.[874] | |||
| Lady Isabella Fitzwilliam | Liv Tyler | Lady Isabella is Charlotte's love interest in season two.[872] | |||
| 2017– | Las chicas del cable (Cable Girls) |
Netflix | Carlota Rodríguez de Senillosa | Ana Fernández García | Carlota is bisexual.[875][876] |
| Oscar Ruiz | Ana Polvorosa | Oscar is a bisexual trans man who falls in love with Carlota.[875] Carlota and Sara have a polyamorous relationship together with Carlota's husband, Miguel.[876] | |||
| 2017 | Man in an Orange Shirt | BBC Two | Thomas March | James McArdle | The story of two gay relationships set in different eras: Thomas and Michael during the 1940s, and Adam and Steve in the present.[877] |
| Michael Berryman | Oliver Jackson-Cohen | ||||
| Adam Berryman | Julian Morris | ||||
| Steve | David Gyasi | ||||
| 2017– | Mary Kills People | Global | Jess | Abigail Winter | Jess is ____.[878][879][880] |
| Naomi | Katie Douglas | Naomi is ____.[878] | |||
| 2017– | Mindhunter | Netflix | Wendy Carr | Anna Torv | Dr. Wendy Carr, a psychologist at a Boston university, is a lesbian in a relationship with Dr. Stilman.[881] |
| Annaliese Stilman | Lena Olin | Annaliese is a lesbian.[882] | |||
| Kay Manz | Lauren Glazier | Kay is lesbian and works as a bartender.[883] | |||
| 2017 | The Mist | Spike | Adrian Garf | Russell Posner | Adrian is gay/pansexual.[884][885] |
| Tyler Denton | Christopher Gray | Tyler is a bully and a closeted gay jock. He ends up in a relationship with Adrian, the boy he used to bully for being gay.[885][886] | |||
| 2017– | Money Heist | Netflix | Helsinki | Darko Peric | Helsinki is gay.[887] |
| Palermo | Rodrigo de la Serna | Palermo is gay.[887] | |||
| Tokyo | Úrsula Corberó | Tokyo is bisexual.[887] | |||
| Manila | Belén Cuesta | Manila is transgender.[888] | |||
| Berlin | Pedro Alonso | Berlin is bisexual.[889] | |||
| 2017– | Mr. Mercedes | Audience | Lou Linklatter | Breeda Wool | Lou is a lesbian.[890] |
| 2017 | My Dear Loser | GMM 25 | In | Purim Rattanaruangwattana (Pluem) | In and Sun become a gay couple.[891] |
| Sun | Wachirawit Ruangwiwat (Chimon) | ||||
| 2017– | One Day at a Time | Netflix | Elena Alvarez | Isabella Gomez | Elena is lesbian, she comes out during the series first season.[892][893] |
| Ramona | Judy Reyes | Ramona is lesbian.[893] | |||
| Syd | Sheridan Pierce | Syd is non-binary. Syd is befriended by Elena and they eventually date.[894] | |||
| 2017– | The Orville | Fox | Bortus | Peter Macon | Bortus and Klyden are partners and members of an alien race, the Moclans, where homosexuality is the norm among their species.[895] |
| Klyden | Chad L. Coleman | ||||
| 2017– | Ozark | Netflix | Roy Petty | Jason Butler Harner | Roy is gay.[896][897] |
| Russ Langmore | Marc Menchaca | Russ is a repressed gay man.[896][897] | |||
| Trevor Evans | McKinley Belcher III | Trevor is Roy's ex-boyfriend and his FBI agent partner.[896] | |||
| Scotty | Dennis Flanagan | Scotty is Roy's ex-boyfriend.[896] | |||
| 2017– | Prison Break: Resurrection | Fox | Sid | Kunal Sharma | Sid is gay.[898] |
| Emily Blake | Marina Benedict | Emily Blake is a lesbian.[899] | |||
| 2017–2018 | Prison Playbook | tvN | Yoo Han Yang | Lee Kyu Hyung | Han Yang is gay.[900] |
| Song Ji Won | Kim Joon Han | Ji Won is gay and Han Yang's boyfriend.[900] | |||
| 2017–2019 | The Punisher | Netflix | David Schultz | Todd Alan Crain | David is a U.S. senator and closeted homosexual.[901] |
| 2017– | Riverdale | The CW | Kevin Keller | Casey Cott | Kevin is openly gay and had a relationships with Moose.[902][903] |
| Moose Mason | Cody Kearsley | Moose is bisexual.[902][904] | |||
| Joaquin DeSantos | Rob Raco | Joaquin is gay. He becomes romantically involved with Kevin.[902][905] | |||
| Toni Topaz | Vanessa Morgan | Toni is bisexual and in a relationship with Cheryl.[906][907] | |||
| Cheryl Blossom | Madelaine Petsch | Cheryl a lesbian and in a relationship with Toni.[908][909] | |||
| Fangs Fogarty | Drew Ray Tanner | Fangs is gay. Fangs and Kevin went to the prom together.[910][911][912] | |||
| Chic | Hart Denton | Chic may be pansexual.[902][913] | |||
| Charles Smith | Wyatt Nash | Charles is gay. He's in a relationship with Chic.[914] | |||
| Peaches 'N Cream | Bernadette Beck | Peaches is queer.[915] | |||
| 2017– | Runaways | Hulu | Karolina Dean | Virginia Gardner | Karolina is a lesbian and an alien descendant with superpowers.[916] |
| Nico Minoru | Lyrica Okano | Nico Minoru is bisexual. Formerly in a relationship with Alex Wilder, now reciprocates Karolina's attraction for her.[917] | |||
| 2017–2019 | She's Gotta Have It | Netflix | Nola Darling | DeWanda Wise | Nola is a pansexual.[918] |
| Opal Gilstrap | Ilfenesh Hadera | Opal is a lesbian in a relationship with Nola.[919] | |||
| 2017– | The Sinner | USA Network | Heather Novack | Natalie Paul | Detective Novack is an out lesbian.[920] |
| 2017 | Slam Dance | GMM One | Pob | Sattabut Laedeke (Drake) | Pob and Nick are a gay couple.[921] |
| Nick | Harit Cheewagaroon (Sing) | ||||
| 2017– | Star Trek: Discovery | Netflix | Paul Stamets | Anthony Rapp | Paul and Hugh are gay men and in a loving relationship.[922][923][924] |
| Hugh Culber | Wilson Cruz | ||||
| 2017– | Suburra: Blood on Rome | Netflix | Alberto "Spadino" Anacleti | Giacomo Ferrara | Spadino is a gay man whose traditional family forces him into accepting a sham straight marriage.[925] |
| 2017– | S.W.A.T | CBS | Christina "Chris" Alonso | Lina Esco | Officer III Alonso comes out as bisexual in episode "Homecoming" (1.07)[926] |
| 2017– | Taboo | FX | Michael Godfrey | Edward Hogg | Michael Godfrey is probably gay, and is the secretary at the East India Company and lives in a London Molly House.[927] |
| 2017–2018 | Valor | The CW | Thea | Melissa Roxburgh | Thea is a closeted bisexual CIA agent. She has two short-term relationships with Zoe Cho, and Leland Gallo.[928] |
| Zoe Cho | Chelle Ramos | ||||
| 2017 | When We Rise | ABC | Cleve Jones | Guy Pearce | Cleve Jones is gay and an AIDS activist. The miniseries is about the growth of the LGBT civil rights movement in San Francisco, from the 1970s until the 2010s, with characters based on actual persons.[929][930] |
| young Cleve Jones | Austin P. McKenzie | ||||
| Roma Guy | Mary-Louise Parker | Roma Guy is a feminist lesbian and social justice activist.[929][930] | |||
| young Roma Guy | Emily Skeggs | ||||
| Diane | Rachel Griffiths | Diane is a lesbian nurse.[929][930] | |||
| young Diane | Fiona Dourif | ||||
| Ken Jones | Michael K. Williams | Ken Jones is a gay activist.[929][930] | |||
| young Ken Jones | Jonathan Majors | ||||
| Matt | Tyler Young | Matt is gay and has a relationship with young Cleve.[929][930] | |||
| Michael | Charlie Carver | Michael is a gay sailor.[931] | |||
| Pat Norman | Whoopi Goldberg | Pat Norman is a lesbian activist, founder of the Lesbian Mothers Union and first openly gay employee of the San Francisco Health Department.[929][930] | |||
| Del Martin | Rosie O'Donnell | Del Martin is a feminist lesbian and activist, and co-founder of Daughters of Bilitis.[929][930] | |||
| Phyllis Lyon | Maddie Corman | Phyllis Lyon is a feminist lesbian and activist, and co-founder of Daughters of Bilitis.[932] | |||
| Jean | Caitlin Gerard | Jean is a lesbian.[933] | |||
| Cecilia Chung | Ivory Aquino | Cecilia Chung is a trans woman and political activist.[930] | |||
| Scott | Nick Eversman | Scott is gay, living in a treehouse.[933] | |||
| José Sarria | Michael DeLorenzo | José Sarria is a gay political activist and founder of the Imperial Court System. | |||
| Bobbi Jean Baker | Jazzmun | Bobbi Jean Baker is a transgender activist.[932] | |||
| Anne Kronenberg | Britt Irvin | Anne Kronenberg is the campaign manager for Harvey Milk and his aide on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.[932] | |||
| Sally Gearhart | Carrie Preston | Sally Gearhart is a feminist lesbian and political activist.[929][930] | |||
| Jim Foster | Denis O’Hare | Jim Foster is the first openly gay man to ever speak at a Democratic convention.[933] | |||
| 2017 | Will | TNT | Christopher Marlowe | Jamie Campbell Bower | Christopher is probably gay.[934] |
| Thomas Walsingham | Edward Hayter | Thomas is allegedly Marlowe's homosexual lover.[935] |
2018
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018– | 9-1-1 | FOX | Michael Grant | Rockmond Dunbar | Michael is gay.[936] |
| Henrietta "Hen" Wilson | Aisha Hinds | Henrietta is lesbian and married to Karen.[937] | |||
| Karen Wilson | Tracie Thoms | Karen is lesbian. She and Henrietta are raising the son of Hen's ex-girlfriend.[937] | |||
| Josh Russo | Bryan Safi | Josh is gay.[938] | |||
| Eva Mathis | Abby Brammell | Eva is Hen's ex and an incarcerated criminal.[937] | |||
| 2018– | A Discovery of Witches | Sky One | Sarah Bishop | Alex Kingston | Sarah and Emily are a lesbian couple.[939] |
| Emily Mather | Valarie Pettiford | ||||
| 2018– | A Million Little Things | ABC | Daniel Dixon | Chance Hurstfield | Daniel is gay. He came out to his mother and sister in season 1.[940] |
| 2018 | A Very English Scandal | BBC One | Jeremy Thorpe | Hugh Grant | Jeremy Thorpe was the leader of the Liberal Party for nine years. He was a closeted homosexual who had affairs with men and was in a secret relationship with Norman Scott.[941] |
| Norman Scott | Ben Whishaw | ||||
| 2018– | After Forever | Amazon Prime Video | Brian | Kevin Spirtas | Brian is gay. Brian and Jason were in a relationship until Jason's death.[942][943][944][945] |
| Jason | Mitchell Anderson | Jason is gay.[942][943][944][945] | |||
| David Taylor | Mike McGowan | David is gay and Brian's boyfriend.[942][943][944][945] | |||
| Brenda | Erin Cherry | Brenda is lesbian.[942][943][944][945] | |||
| 2018– | All American | The CW | Tamia "Coop" Cooper | Bre-Z | Tamia is lesbian. She is the cousin of the main character.[946] |
| 2018– | Altered Carbon | Netflix | Isaac Bancroft | Antonio Marziale | Isaac Bancroft has a male lover, Sergei Brevlov.[947][948] |
| Sergei Brevlov | Chris McNally | ||||
| 2018 | American Crime Story Template:Nowrap (season 2) |
FX | Gianni Versace | Édgar Ramírez | Gianni Versace was gay, and murdered by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.[949] |
| Andrew Cunanan | Darren Criss | Andrew Cunanan was a gay spree killer. He murdered Gianni Versace, Lee Miglin, Jeffrey Trail and David Madson.[949] | |||
| Antonio D'Amico | Ricky Martin | Antonio D'Amico is gay and Versace's partner at the time of his death.[949] | |||
| Lee Miglin | Mike Farrell | Lee Miglin was bisexual and married to the same woman for 38 years before he was murdered by Andrew Cunanan, his former escort.[950] | |||
| Jeffrey Trail | Finn Wittrock | Jeffrey Trail was gay and murdered by Andrew Cunanan.[951] | |||
| David Madson | Cody Fern | David Madson was gay, and witnessed Jeffrey Trail's murder, and was also killed by Andrew Cunanan.[951] | |||
| 2018– | Anne+ | BNN-VARA 3LAB |
Anne | Hanna van Vliet | Anne is lesbian.[952][953] |
| 2018–2020 | Baby | Netflix | Fabio Fedeli | Brando Pacitto | Fabio is gay and comes out to his father near the end of the first season. Fabio and Brando are attracted to each other in season two.[954] |
| Brando De Santis | Mirko Trovato | Brando is gay and comes out in the final season.[954] | |||
| 2018– | Black Lightning | The CW | Anissa Pierce | Nafessa Williams | Anissa is a lesbian superhero.[955][956] |
| Grace Choi | Chantal Thuy | Grace Choi is bisexual and Anissa's love interest.[957] | |||
| Chenoa | Shein Mompremier | Chenoa is a lesbian and was Anissa's girlfriend. They were together for one year before Anissa became involved with Grace.[958] | |||
| 2018– | Burden of Truth | CBC | Molly Ross | Sara Thompson | Molly is lesbian. Luna is lesbian and a First Nation native. Molly and Luna are in a relationship and attend the same high school. In season 1 episode "Witch Hunt" they go to the prom as a couple, holding hands as they enter and afterwards dance together.[959] |
| Luna Spence | Star Slade | ||||
| 2018 | 'Cause You're My Boy | GMM One | Mork | Drake Sattabut | Mork and Tee are the main gay couple. Morn and Gord are the supporting gay couple. A Thai romance drama depicting relationships between male characters, known as boys love, it tells the love story of four young boys in a high school setting.[960][961][962] |
| Tee | Frank Thanatsaran | ||||
| Morn | Phuwin Tangsakyuen | ||||
| Gord | Neo Trai Nimtawat | ||||
| 2018– | Charmed | The CW | Melanie "Mel" Vera | Melonie Diaz | Melanie "Mel" Vera is a lesbian witch. She's a Women's Studies graduate student. Niko Hamada is lesbian and a police detective. Mel and Nico are in a relationship.[963][964] |
| Nico Hamada | Ellen Tamaki | ||||
| 2018- | Class T1T5 | YouTube | Melissa | Melissa Poh | Melissa is a lesbian student.[965] |
| 2018 | Collateral | BBC Two Netflix |
Jane Oliver | Nicola Walker | Jane is a vicar in a lesbian relationship with an illegal immigrant, Linh Xuan Huy.[966] |
| Linh Xuan Huy | Kae Alexander | ||||
| 2018– | Condor | Audience | Sarah Tan | Ellen Wong | Sarah Tan is a lesbian.[967] |
| Sharla Shepard | Christina Moses | Sharla Shepard is a lesbian FBI agent.[968] | |||
| 2018–2019 | Counterpart | Starz | Nadia/Baldwin | Sara Serraiocco | Nadia is a lesbian and classical violinist. Baldwin is a lesbian assassin.[969] |
| Clare | Nazanin Boniadi | Clare is a lesbian.[969] | |||
| Greta | Liv Lisa Fries | Greta is a lesbian.[970] | |||
| 2018 | Deutschland 86 | SundanceTV | Tim Avery | Chris Veres | Tim Avery is a closeted gay American G.I.[971] Rose Seithathi is lesbian and in a relationship with Lenora Rauch. Lenora is openly bisexual, having been seen kissing a man in the previous season. Alex Edel is gay. He slept with Tobias Tischbier in the previous season.[972] Tobias Tischbier is gay. He tries to make a move on Alex in the first season, and later becomes sexually involved with him even though he was in a relationship with a man named Felix.[514] |
| Rose Seithathi | Florence Kasumba | ||||
| Lenora Rauch | Maria Schrader | ||||
| Alex Edel | Ludwig Trepte | ||||
| Tobias Tischbier | Alexander Beyer | ||||
| 2018– | Dogs of Berlin | Netflix | Erol Birkan | Fahri Yardim | Erol Birkan is gay. Guido Mack is gay and Erol's partner.[973] |
| Guido Mack | Sebastian Achilles | ||||
| 2018– | Druck | ZDF | Matteo Florenzi | Michelangelo Fortuzzi | Matteo is gay.[974] |
| David Schreibner | Lukas von Horbatschewsky | David Schreibner is a gay trans teen-aged boy and Matteo's boyfriend.[975] | |||
| Mia Winter | Milena Tscharntke | Mia is bisexual.[974] | |||
| Victoria | Tijan Marei | Victoria ia a lesbian.[976] | |||
| Fatou Jallow | Sira-Anna Faal | Fatou is lesbian.[974] | |||
| Kieu My Vu | Nhung Hong | Kieu is bisexual.[974] | |||
| 2018– | Élite | Netflix | Ander Muñoz | Arón Piper | Ander Muñoz is gay and in a relationship with Omar Shanaa. Omar is gay but has to hide his sexuality from his parents due to their Muslim faith. Polo Benavent is bisexual and polyamorous. He has a relationship with Carla and Christian in season 1 and later has a relationship with Cayetana and Valerio in season 3. He has also hooked up with Ander in season 2. Rebeka "Rebe" de Bormujo is bisexual. She confesses to Ander that she is attracted to girls and guys. She was attracted to Samuel and dated him, but also said she was sexually attracted to Carla. Valerio Montesinos is bisexual and polyamorous. He has a relationship with Cayetana and Polo.[977][978][979][980][981] Malick was gay. |
| Omar Shanaa | Omar Ayuso | ||||
| Polo Benavent | Álvaro Rico | ||||
| Rebeka "Rebe" de Bormujo | Claudia Salas | ||||
| Valerio Montesinos | Jorge López | ||||
| Malick D | Leïti Sène | ||||
| 2018 | Everything Sucks! | Netflix | Kate Messner | Peyton Kennedy | Kate Messner spends the season struggling with her sexual identity, before coming to terms that she's a lesbian. Emaline Addario might be bisexual. She is seen dating a male classmate, but then she and Kate reveal their attraction towards one another and later share a kiss.[982] |
| Emaline Addario | Sydney Sweeney | ||||
| 2018– | For the People | ABC | Kate Littlejohn | Susannah Flood | Kate Littlejohn is lesbian and a prosecutor. Anya Ooms is lesbian and an ATF agent. Kate and Anya are involved romantically.[983] |
| Anya Ooms | Caitlin Stasey | ||||
| 2018 | Here and Now | HBO | Ramon Bayer-Boatwright | Daniel Zovatto | Ramon Bayer-Boatwright and Henry are a gay couple.[984] |
| Henry | Andy Bean | ||||
| Navid Shokrani | Marwan Salama | Navid Shokrani is a non-binary transgender.[985][986] | |||
| 2018–2020 | The House of Flowers | Netflix | Julián de la Mora | Darío Yazbek Bernal | Julián de la Mora is bisexual. He was in a relationship with a woman while secretly dating Diego Olvera. Diego is gay. María José (formerly José María Riquelme) is a transgender woman that was married to Paulina de la Mora before transitioning. She remarried Paulina in the final episode of season 3. Paulina is pansexual. She was married to María José before she transitioned. After splitting up, she dated Alejo Salvat before reuniting with, and remarrying, María José. Pato Lascuraín is a gay man and a drag queen. He is murdered for his sexuality. Kim is pansexual. She starts a relationship with María José. Agustín Corcuera is a closeted gay man. He kills Pato after the latter tries to expose their relationship.[987][988][989][990][991] |
| Diego Olvera | Juan Pablo Medina | ||||
| María José Riquelme | Paco León | ||||
| Paulina de la Mora | Cecilia Suárez | ||||
| Pato Lascuraín | Christian Chávez | ||||
| Kim | Cristina Umaña | ||||
| Agustín Corcuera | Emilio Cuaik | ||||
| 2018–2019 | Impulse | YouTube Premium | Jenna Faith Hope | Sarah Desjardins | Jenna comes to term with the realization that she's lesbian, then is outed to her parents by her friend (season 2). Kate is a young woman that Jenna meets at a college party during a poetry performance and Kate kisses Jenna afterwards. Megan Linderman is queer.[992] |
| Kate | Sarah Swire | ||||
| Megan Linderman | Lauren Collins | ||||
| 2018 | The Innocents | Netflix | Lil | Sabrina Bartlett | Lil kisses June. (She may be lesbian or bisexual.) Kam has a boyfriend, but is also involved with women. (She appears to be bisexual.) Sigrid has feelings for a woman back home. (She may be lesbian or bisexual.)[993] |
| Kam | Abigail Hardingham | ||||
| Sigrid | Lise Risom Olsen | ||||
| 2018– | Insatiable | Netflix | Bob Barnard | Christopher Gorham | Bob Barnard claims to enjoy sex with women but self-identifies as gay. He has been in love with Bob Armstrong since they were teenagers.[994] |
| Bob Armstrong | Dallas Roberts | Bob Armstrong self-identifies as bisexual.[994] | |||
| Nonnie Thompson | Kimmy Shields | Nonnie is a closeted lesbian.[995] | |||
| Deborah "Dee" Marshall | Ashley D. Kelley | Dee is a lesbian.[996] | |||
| 2018– | Instinct | CBS | Dylan Reinhart | Alan Cumming | Dylan Reinhart is gay. A former CIA operative-turned-university professor and best-selling author now helping the New York Police Department. Andy Wilson is gay. Dylan and Andy are married.[997] |
| Andy Wilson | Daniel Ings | ||||
| 2018– | Killing Eve | BBC America | Villanelle | Jodie Comer | Villanelle is a bisexual assassin. She has sex with women and men, had a brief relationship with her neighbor Sebastian, married a woman, and is in love with Eve. In episode "You're Mine" (season 2, episode 8), Villanelle asks Eve to run away with her. When Eve rejects her, Villanelle shoots Eve and leaves her for dead. The character of Villanelle was modeled on a real-life terrorist.[998] Eve Polastri appears to be bisexual. She reveals an attraction towards Villanelle, even though they are bitter rivals and that their cat-and-mouse relationship contains violence and obsession. In episode "Meetings Have Biscuits" (season 3, episode 3), Eve finally kisses Villanelle for the first time, then head-butts her. Bill Pargrave is bisexual. He chose to enter into a heterosexual marriage by arrangement because he wanted to father a child, and occasionally has sex with his wife who knows about his history with men.[999][1000][1001] |
| Bill Pargrave | David Haig | ||||
| Eve Polastri | Sandra Oh | ||||
| 2018– | Krypton | SyFy | Adam Strange | Shaun Sipos | Adam Strange is quite likely bisexual. In season 1, episode "House of Zod", Adam Strange appreciates the view of the bare ass of a tattooed male Sagitari.[1002][1003] |
| Nyssa-Vex | Wallis Day | Nyssa is bisexual and was in a same-sex relationship in the past.[1004] | |||
| 2018– | Legacies | The CW | Josie Saltzman | Kaylee Bryant | Josie is pansexual. She was in a relationship with Penelope. Afterwards, she had a crush on Rafael and kissed him. She later dates Landon Kirby. She also had a crush on Hope. After this, she develops a crush on Jade.[1005][1006] |
| Penelope Park | Lulu Antariksa | Penelope is bisexual. She was in a relationship with Josie, and before Penelope left to attend a witches school she and Josie acknowledged that they loved each other. She also kissed MG.[1007][1008][1009] | |||
| Hope Mikaelson | Danielle Rose Russell | Hope is bisexual. She was in a relationship with Landon and in season two admits that she had a crush on Josie when they were fourteen.[1010][1011] | |||
| Jade | Giorgia Whigham | Jade is lesbian. She has a budding romance with Josie.[1012] | |||
| 2018 | Life Sentence | The CW | Ida Abbott | Gillian Vigman | Ida is bisexual. She leaves her husband to be with her friend, Poppy.[1013] |
| Poppy | Claudia Rocafort | ||||
| 2018– | Light as a Feather | Hulu | Alex Portnoy | Brianne Tju | Alex is lesbian.[1014] |
| Peri | Adriyan Rae | Peri is lesbian.[1015] | |||
| 2018– | Manifest | NBC | Bethany Collins | Mugga | Bethany is lesbian and a flight attendant on Flight 828.[1016] |
| Georgia Collins | Eva Kaminsky | Georgia is lesbian and married to Bethany.[1017] | |||
| Thomas | Sheldon Best | Thomas is gay and smuggled on Flight 828 to escape homophobic persecution in Jamaica.[1018] | |||
| 2018– | McMafia | BBC One AMC |
Semiyon Kleiman | David Strathairn | Semiyon is gay. He had a younger male lover.[1019] |
| 2018– | New Amsterdam | NBC | Iggy Frome | Tyler Labine | Iggy Frome and Martin McIntyre are married and have adopted three children from Bangladesh.[1020] |
| Martin McIntyre | Mike Doyle | ||||
| 2018 | The Novelist | Fuji TV | Kazumi Haruhiko | Izuka Kenta | Kazumi Haruhiko and Kijima Rio are a gay couple.[1021] |
| Kijima Rio | Takezai Terunosuke | ||||
| 2018 | Origin | YouTube Premium | Agnes "Lee" Lebachi | Adelayo Adedayo | Agnes "Lee" Lebachi is a lesbian.[1022] |
| Evelyn Rey | Nora Arnezeder | Evelyn Rey is bisexual.[1022] | |||
| 2018 | Picnic at Hanging Rock | Showcase (AU) | Michael Fitzhubert | Harrison Gilbertson | Michael Fitzhubert is in love with Albert Crundall. Irma Leopold kisses Miranda Reid. Greta McGraw is a geography teacher whose father exiled her from home for being a lesbian. Marion Quade is lesbian. Greta and Marion are in a relationship.[1023] |
| Irma Leopold | Samara Weaving | ||||
| Miranda Reid | Lily Sullivan | ||||
| Greta McGraw | Anna McGahan | ||||
| Marion Quade | Madeleine Madden | ||||
| 2018– | Playing for Keeps | Network Ten | Rusty O'Reilly | Ethan Panizza | Rusty O'Reilly is gay. He and Jack Davies were having an affair before Jack's death.[1024][1025] |
| Jack Davies | James Mason | ||||
| Tahlia Woods | Olympia Valance | Tahlia Woods is bisexual.[1026] | |||
| Hayley Fawkner | Alexandra Adornetto | Hayley Fawkner is a lesbian.[1027] | |||
| 2018– | Pose | FX | Blanca Rodriguez-Evangelista | Mj Rodriguez | Blanca is a transgender woman.[1028] |
| Angel Evangelista | Indya Moore | Angel is a transgender woman.[1028] | |||
| Elektra Abundance | Dominique Jackson | Elektra is a transgender woman.[1029] | |||
| Pray Tell | Billy Porter | Pray is gay.[1030] | |||
| Damon Richards-Evangelista | Ryan Jamaal Swain | Damon is gay.[1028] | |||
| Ricky Evangelista | Dyllón Burnside | Ricky is gay and Damon's boyfriend.[1030] | |||
| Candy Abundance | Angelica Ross | Candy is a transgender woman.[1031] | |||
| Lulu Abundance | Hailie Sahar | Lulu is a transgender woman.[1031] Lil Papi described himself as an "equal opportunity lover".[1032] | |||
| 2018 | Rise | NBC | Simon Saunders | Ted Sutherland | Simon Saunders is a closeted gay student raised by a very conservative religious family. Jeremy is Simon's co-star in the play, and potential love interest. Michael Hallowell is transgender.[1033][1034] |
| Michael Hallowell | Ellie Desautels | ||||
| Jeremy | Sean Grandillo | ||||
| 2018– | The Rookie | ABC | Jackson West | Titus Makin | Jackson West is gay. He's a rookie police officer and the son of a high-ranking police official. Gino Brown is gay. He is a nurse and in a relationship with Jackson West.[1035][1036] |
| Gino Brown | Cameron J. Armstrong | ||||
| 2018– | Safe | Canal 8 Netflix |
Pete Mayfield | Marc Warren | Pete is gay.[1037] |
| 2018 | Seven Seconds | Netflix | Kadeuce Porter | Corey Champagne | Kadeuce Porter and Brenton Butler were in a relationship before Brenton was killed by a white cop who ran over him in a hit and run.[1038][1039] |
| Brenton Butler | Daykwon Gaines | ||||
| 2018– | Siren | Freeform | Ryn | Eline Powell | Ryn is a bisexual mermaid. She is attracted to both Maddie and her boyfriend Ben. Maddie Bishop is revealed to be bisexual, as she is receptive to Ryn's attraction for her.[1040] |
| Maddie Bishop | Fola Evans-Akingbola | ||||
| 2018– | SKAM Austin | Facebook Watch | Shay Dixon | La'Keisha Slade |
Shay Dixon is a lesbian. Tyler Nunez is gay and Shay's best friend.[1041][1042] |
| Tyler Nunez | Giovanni Niubo | ||||
| 2018– | Station 19 | ABC | Travis Montgomery | Jay Hayden | Travis is a gay firefighter.[1043] |
| Maya Bishop | Danielle Savre | Maya is bisexual.[1044] | |||
| 2018– | Step Up: High Water | YouTube Premium | Tal Baker | Petrice Jones (Keiynan Lonsdale) |
Tal Baker is gay. Keiynan Lonsdale took over the role in season 3.[1045][1046] |
| 2018– | Sweetbitter | Starz | Ariel | Eden Epstein | Ariel is a lesbian and a womanizer.[1047] Sasha is a gay Russian immigrant.[1048] |
| Sasha | Daniyar | ||||
| 2018– | This Close | SundanceNow | Michael | Josh Feldman | Michael is a graphic novelist, and Ryan is a real estate agent. The series starts after their engagement to be married is broken.[1049][1050][1051] |
| Ryan | Colt Prattes | ||||
| 2018– | Vida | Starz | Emma Hernandez | Mishel Prada | Emma is bisexual.[1052] |
| Eddy Martínez | Ser Anzoategui | Eddy is a lesbian.[1052] | |||
| Cruz | Maria-Elena Laas | Cruz is lesbian.[1052] | |||
| Sam | Michelle Badillo | Sam is non-binary.[1053] | |||
| 2018– | You | Lifetime | Peach Salinger | Shay Mitchell |
Peach Salinger is a lesbian. Lucy is lesbian and a literary agent in L.A. married to Sunrise. Sunrise, wife of Lucy, is lesbian and a stay at home lifestyle blogger.[1054][1055][1056][1057][1058] |
| Lucy | Marielle Scott | ||||
| Sunrise | Melanie Field |
2019
| Year | Show | Network | Character | Actor | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 3 Will Be Free | One 31 Line TV |
Shin | Tay Tawan | Shin is gay.[1059] |
| Neo | Joss Way-ar | Neo is bisexual.[1059] | |||
| Mae | Jennie Panhan | Mae is a trans woman.[1059] | |||
| 2019– | All Rise | CBS | Judge Lisa Benner | Marg Helgenberger | Lisa is lesbian and mentor of Judge Lola Carmichael. She waited until same-sex marriage became legal to implement Wedding Day at the courthouse. Lisa had been in a four-year relationship when her girlfriend left her on that special day.[1060] |
| 2019– | Another Life | Netflix | Zayne | JayR Tinaco | Zayne is non-binary.[1061] |
| 2019– | Batwoman | The CW | Kate Kane | Ruby Rose | Kate Kane is the lesbian cousin of Bruce Wayne / Batman.[1062] |
| Sophie Moore | Meagan Tandy | Sophie Moore is lesbian and Kate's former girlfriend. After breaking up with Kate and denying her sexuality, she married Tyler. Sophie comes to terms with being lesbian, tells her husband about her past relationship with Kate, ends her marriage, and comes out to her mother.[1063] | |||
| Julia Pennyworth | Christina Wolfe | Julia Pennyworth is lesbian, Kate's ex-girlfriend, and a British spy.[1064] Batwoman is the first lesbian superhero to forefront a prime time series.[1065] | |||
| Ryan Wilder | Javicia Leslie | Ryan Wilder is a black lesbian. Javicia Leslie took over the role of Batwoman is season two.[1066] | |||
| Angelique Martin | Bevin Bru | Angelique Martin is a lesbian. She is Ryan's drug-dealing ex-girlfriend.[1067] | |||
| Safiyah Sohail | Shivani Ghai | Safiyah Sohail is a lesbian. She is Queen of the pirate nation of Coryana.[1068] | |||
| Tatiana | Leah Gibson | Tatiana is a lesbian. She is an assassin known as The Whisper.[1068] | |||
| Evan Blake | Lincoln Clauss | Evan Blake is a non-binary queer. They are an art thief known as Wolf Spider.[1069] | |||
| Reagan | Reagan is a lesbian. She is a bartender.[1070] | ||||
| Gina | Favour Onosemuede | Gina is a lesbian. She is Parker Torres' girlfriend.[1071] | |||
| Parker Torres | Malia Pyles | Parker Torres is a lesbian. She becomes the Terrier and blackmails Gotham.[1072] | |||
| Sara Lance | Caity Lotz | Sara Lance is bisexual. She had a guest appearance in 2019, episode "Crisis on Infinite Earths".[1073] | |||
| 2019– | Bluff City Law | NBC | Della Bedford | Jayne Atkinson | Della is lesbian. She comes out after ending her 15-year marriage.[1074] |
| 2019– | Bonding | Netflix | Pete | Brendan Scannell | Pete is an openly gay man who becomes an assistant to his dominatrix friend.[1075] |
| Josh | Theo Stockman | Josh is gay and Pete's boyfriend.[1076] | |||
| 2019– | The Boys | Amazon Prime Video | Ezekiel | Shaun Benson | Ezekiel is a closeted homosexual.[1077][1078] |
| Queen Maeve | Dominique McElligott | Queen Maeve is bisexual. She had romances with Elena and Homelander; however, she was closeted.[1079] | |||
| Elena | Nicola Correia-Damude | Elena is lesbian and Maeve's ex-girlfriend.[1080][1081] | |||
| 2019– | Carnival Row | Amazon Prime Video | Vignette Stonemoss | Cara Delevingne | Vignette Stonemoss is bisexual and a fairy. Tourmaline Larou is either bisexual or lesbian, and a fairy. Vignette and Tourmaline were once lovers and are now close friends.[1082] |
| Tourmaline Larou | Karla Crome | ||||
| Costin Finch | Gregory Gudgeon | Costin Finch was a closeted gay and the Headmaster of an orphanage. Dr. Morange was a closeted gay and the coroner for the Constabulary. Costin and Morange were longtime lovers and would meet in secret at the fairy brothel.[1083] | |||
| Dr. Morange | John Malafronte | ||||
| 2019– | The Club | Netflix | Santiago Caballero | Alejandro Puente | Santiago is gay. Max is gay. Santiago and Max are dating.[1084][1085][1086] |
| Max | Martin Saracho | ||||
| 2019– | Coroner | CBC | Ross Khalighi | Ehren Kassam | Ross Khalighi is gay and the teenage son of coroner Jenny Cooper. Matteo is gay and Ross's boyfriend. Ross and Matteo are dating.[1087] |
| Matteo | Graeme Jokic | ||||
| Alison Trent | Tamara Podemski | Alison Trent is lesbian and Cooper's assistant.[1088][1089] | |||
| Sabina | Jeananne Goossen | Sabina is lesbian. Alison and Sabina are dating.[1090] | |||
| Taylor Kim | Alli Chung | Taylor Kim is lesbian and a detective. She told her colleague that she left home when she was 16, and lives with her girlfriend and their three dogs.[1091] | |||
| 2019 | Dark Blue Kiss | GMM 25 Line TV |
Pete | Tay Tawan | Pete and Kao are boyfriends. Non has a same-sex crush on Kao. Sun and Mork are gay love interests. Thai boys' love series.[1092][1093][1094] |
| Kao | New Thitipoom | ||||
| Non | AJ Chayapol | ||||
| Sun | Podd Suphakorn | ||||
| Mork | Fluke Gawin | ||||
| 2019– | David Makes Man | OWN | Mx. Elijah | Travis Coles | Mx. Elijah is gender nonconforming.[1095] |
| Femi | Trace Lysette | Femi is a trans woman.[1095] | |||
| Star Child | Logan Rozos | Star Child is a trans man.[1095] | |||
| 2019– | Dickinson | Apple TV+ | Emily Dickinson | Hailee Steinfeld | Emily Dickinson is lesbian and an aspiring poet. She is in love with Sue Gilbert, her best friend, who is bisexual.[1096] |
| Sue Gilbert | Ella Hunt | ||||
| 2019– | Doom Patrol | DC Universe | Larry Trainor | Matt Bomer | Larry Trainor is a gay superhero. Larry and John Bowers were in a relationship before Larry's accident. When Larry is all bandaged up, he is played by actor Matthew Zuk.[1097][1098] |
| John Bowers | Kyle Clements | John Bowers is gay. He was having an affair with Larry Trainor before the accident.[1099][1100] | |||
| Maura Lee Karupt | Alan Mingo Jr. | Maura Lee Karupt is a trans woman.[1101] | |||
| Danny the Street | Template:N/a | Danny the Street is a sentient gender-queer street with the power to teleport themselves and their residents to any location in the world. They communicate through street signs, napkins, neon signs, and anything else they can create letters on.[1101][1102] | |||
| 2019– | Euphoria | HBO | Rue Bennett | Zendaya | Rue Bennett is queer and has a crush on Jules.[1103] |
| Jules | Hunter Schafer | Jules is a transgender young woman.[1103] | |||
| Cal Jacobs | Sean Martini | Cal Jacobs is bisexual. He is married but has a secret Grindr profile.[1104] | |||
| TC | Bobbi Salvör Menuez | TC is non-binary.[1105] | |||
| Anna | Quintessa Swindell | Anna is non-binary and hooks up with Jules.[1105] | |||
| 2019– | Five Bedrooms | Network Ten | Harry | Roy Joseph | Harry is a gay surgeon. He lives with his mother, who doesn't know he is gay.[1106][1107] |
| Pete Portelli | Adam Fiorentino | Pete Portelli is a gay cop in the neighborhood.[1108] | |||
| 2019– | For All Mankind | Apple TV+ | Larry Wilson | Nate Corddry | Larry is gay and works at NASA. He marries Ellen Waverly, who is a lesbian, to save his career.[1109] |
| Ellen Waverly | Jodi Balfour | Ellen Waverly is a lesbian astronaut. She likes Pam, but marries Larry, who is gay, to save her career.[1109][1110] | |||
| Pam Horton | Meghan Leathers | Pam is a lesbian. She owns the bar where most of the NASA employees hang out.[1109][1111] | |||
| Elise | Mele Ihara | Elise is a lesbian and Pam's girlfriend. Guest appearance.[1112] | |||
| 2019– | Four More Shots Please! | Amazon Prime Video | Umang Singh | Bani J | Umang is bisexual.[1113] |
| 2019– | The Game of Keys | Amazon Prime Video | Valentín Lombardo | Horacio Pancheri | Valentín Lombardo is gay.[1114] |
| Daniel | Manuel Vega | Daniel is gay and Valentín Lombardo's lover.[1115][1116][1117] | |||
| 2019– | Gentleman Jack | BBC One | Anne Lister | Suranne Jones | Anne Lister and Ann Walker are a couple. Ann admits that she loves Anne.[1118][1119][1120] |
| Ann Walker | Sophie Rundle | ||||
| 2019– | Girls from Ipanema | Netflix | Thereza Soares | Mel Lisboa | Set in the 1950s, Thereza Soares is bisexual and married to Nelson, with whom she has an open relationship. She has an affair with female journalist Helô. Helô is lesbian.[1121][1122] |
| Helô | Thaila Ayala | ||||
| 2019– | Good Trouble | Freeform | Alice Kwan | Sherry Cola | Alice Kwan is lesbian.[1123][1124] |
| Gael | Tommy Martinez | Gael is bisexual.[1123][1125] | |||
| Bryan | Michael Galante | Bryan is gay. He and Gael date.[1123][1126] | |||
| Elijah Adrieux | Denim Richards | Elijah Adrieux is Gael's ex-boyfriend.[1123][1127] | |||
| Jazmin Martinez | Hailie Sahar | Jazmin Martinez is a trans woman.[1128] | |||
| Joey | Daisy Eagan | Joey is non-binary.[1128][1129] | |||
| Lena Adams Foster | Sherri Saum | Lena Adams Foster is a lesbian.[1128][1130] | |||
| Lindsay Brady | Rhea Butcher | Lindsay Brady is a non-binary queer.[1128][1131] | |||
| Meera Mattei | Briana Venskus | Meera Mattei is a lesbian.[1128][1132] | |||
| Stef Adams Foster | Teri Polo | Stef Adams Foster is a lesbian.[1128][1133] | |||
| Sumi | Kara Wang | Sumi is a lesbian.[1128][1134] | |||
| Shaun | Kye Tamm | Shaun is a trans man.[1128] | |||
| Ruby | Shannon Chan-Kent | Ruby is a lesbian.[1128][1135] | |||
| Sydney | Caitlin Kimball | Sydney is a lesbian.[1128] | |||
| Shai Floraz | Anisha Jagannathan | Shai Floraz is queer.[1128] | |||
| 2019– | Grand Hotel | ABC | Yolanda ("Yoli") Renna | Justina Adorno | Yolanda ("Yoli") Renna is queer. She was in a relationship with Sky Garibaldi before Marisa.[1136][1137] |
| Sky Garibaldi | Arielle Kebbel | Sky Garibaldi is a lesbian and cook at the hotel. She was murdered during a hurricane.[1136][1137] | |||
| Marisa | Sabrina Texidor | Marisa is a lesbian and also works at the hotel.[1136][1137] | |||
| 2019– | The I-Land | Netflix | Blair | Sibylla Deen | Blair was married to a woman.[1138][1139] |
| 2019– | In the Dark | The CW | Jess Damon | Brooke Markham | Jess is a lesbian veterinarian. She's the roommate and best friend of Murphy Mason. Jess and Vanessa are in a romantic relationship and they admit that they love each other. Vanessa is either lesbian or bisexual. They break up after Jess cheats on Vanessa.[1140][1141] |
| Vanessa | Humberly Gonzalez | ||||
| Sam | Cortni Vaughn Joyner | Sam is a butch lesbian henchwoman and liquidator.[1140][1141] | |||
| Sterling | Natalie Liconti | Sterling is lesbian and Sam's girlfriend. She infiltrates Guiding Hope as a kennel assistant and dates Jess to gain her trust while keeping an eye on everyone.[1140][1141] | |||
| 2019– | The InBetween | NBC | Tom Hackett | Paul Blackthorne | Tom Hackett is a gay detective in the Seattle police department and married to Brian Currie, a gay therapist.[1142][1143] |
| Brian Currie | Michael B. Silver | Brian Currie is a gay therapist, married to Tom Hackett.[1142][1143] | |||
| 2019– | The L Word: Generation Q | Showtime | Bette Porter | Jennifer Beals | Bette is lesbian.[1144][1145][1146] |
| Shane McCutcheon | Katherine Moennig | Shane is lesbian.[1145] | |||
| Alice Pieszecki | Leisha Hailey | Alice is bisexual.[1145] | |||
| Dani Núñez | Arienne Mandi | Dani is lesbian.[1146][1147] | |||
| Sophie Suarez | Rosanny Zayas | Sophie is lesbian. Dani and Sophie are engaged.[1146][1147] | |||
| Gigi Ghorbani | Sepideh Moafi | Gigi is lesbian.[1146][1147] | |||
| Micah Lee | Leo Sheng | Micah is a trans man.[1146][1148] | |||
| Sarah Finley | Jacqueline Toboni | Sarah is lesbian.[1146][1147] | |||
| José | Freddy Miyares | José is gay.[1149] | |||
| Angelica Porter-Kennard | Jordan Hull | Angelica Porter-Kennard is not straight.[1146][1150] | |||
| Felicity Adams | Latarsha Rose | Felicity Adams is a lesbian.[1146][1151] | |||
| Jordi | Sophie Giannamore | Jordi is not straight.[1146][1152] | |||
| Lena | Mercedes Mason | Lena is a lesbian.[1146][1153] | |||
| Natalie Bailey | Stephanie Allynne | Natalie Bailey is a lesbian.[1146][1150] | |||
| Pierce Williams | Brian Michael Smith | Pierce Williams is a trans man.[1146][1148] | |||
| Quiara Thompson | Lex Scott Davis | Quiara Thompson is a lesbian.[1146][1154] | |||
| Rebecca | Olivia Thirlby | Rebecca is bisexual.[1146][1154] | |||
| Tess Van De Berg | Jamie Clayton | Tess Van De Berg is a lesbian.[1146][1152] | |||
| Heather | Fortune Feimster | Heather is a lesbian.[1146][1154][1155][1156] | |||
| Roxane Gay | Roxane Gay | Roxane Gay is bisexual. Guest character.[1146][1154][1155] | |||
| Maya Stevenson | Tamara Taylor | Maya Stevenson is not straight. Guest character.[1146][1154][1155] | |||
| Tina Kennard | Laurel Holloman | Tina Kennard is bisexual. Guest character.[1146][1154][1155] | |||
| Megan Rapinoe | Megan Rapinoe | Megan Rapinoe is a lesbian. Guest character.[1146][1154][1156] | |||
| Zoe | Ashley Gallegos | Zoe is a lesbian. Guest character.[1146][1154][1155] | |||
| 2019– | Limetown | Facebook Watch | Lia Haddock | Jessica Biel | Lia is a lesbian journalist investigating the disappearance of the population of a small Appalachian town. Lia's girlfriend is lesbian.[1157] |
| Lia's girlfriend | Kandyse McClure | ||||
| 2019– | Made In Heaven | Amazon Prime Video | Karan Mehra | Arjun Mathur | Karan is a gay wedding planner in Delhi.[1158][1159] |
| 2019– | Merlí: Sapere Aude | Movistar+ | Pol Rubio | Carlos Cuevas | Pol Rubio comes out as bisexual. Bruno Bergeron is gay. Pol and Bruno have a complicated romance, extended from the previous TV series, Merlí.[1160][1161] |
| Bruno Bergeron | David Solans | ||||
| Otilia | Clàudia Vega | Otilia is a lesbian. Amy O'Connor is a lesbian. Otilia and Amy hook up at a party.[1162] | |||
| Amy O'Connor | Lesley Grant | ||||
| 2019– | Nancy Drew | The CW | Bess Marvin | Maddison Jaizani | Bess Marvin is a lesbian and a waitress at The Bayside Claw. She develops a romantic interest in Lisbeth.[1163] |
| Lisbeth | Katie Findlay | Lisbeth is a lesbian and a state police officer working undercover as a driver and transporter. Lisbeth tells Bess that she really likes her.[1163] | |||
| 2019 | No Good Nick | Netflix | Jeremy Thompson | Kalama Epstein | Jeremy is gay. He kisses Eric and comes out as gay to his family.[1164] |
| Eric | Gus Kamp | Eric is gay. He tells Jeremy that his family already knew he was gay before coming out to them.[1164] | |||
| 2019 | Now Apocalypse | Starz | Ulysses Zane | Avan Jogia | Ulysses is bisexual or gay. Stoned and paranoid is pretty much his default mode.[1165][1166] |
| Gabriel | Tyler Posey | Gabriel is gay. Gabriel goes on a date with Ulysses and then they swap handjobs in an alleyway.[1167][1168] | |||
| Isaac | Jacob Artist | Isaac is gay, and hooks up with Ulysses.[1169][1170] | |||
| 2019– | Osmosis | Netflix | Lucas Apert | Stéphane Pitti | Lucas is gay. He is user of Osmosis, a beta dating app, that he hopes will help him with his boyfriend, and stop cheating.[1171] |
| Billie Tual | Yuming Hey | Billie is a genderqueer scientist that uses the pronouns she/her.[1172][1173] | |||
| 2019– | Pandora | The CW | Jacqueline "Jax" Zhou | Priscilla Quintana | Jax is bisexual.[1174] |
| Cordelia Fried | Isabelle Bonfrer | Cordelia Fried is a lesbian.[1174] | |||
| Atria Nine | Raechelle Banno | Atria Nine is pansexual.[1174] | |||
| Aleka | Elizabeth Hammerton | Aleka is pansexual.[1174] | |||
| 2019– | The Politician | Netflix | Payton Hobart | Ben Platt | Payton Hobart is bisexual. Initially identifies as straight and dates his classmate Alice Charles but develops a romantic relationship with his male classmate River Barkley and even has a threesome with River and his girlfriend Astrid Sloan. He and Alice later enter a short lived polyamorous relationship with Astrid before getting married.[1175] |
| River Barkley | David Corenswet | ||||
| Astrid Sloan | Lucy Boynton | Astrid describes herself and her boyfriend River Barkley as kinda fluid, and enegages in a threeway with River and his male lover Payton Hobart. After River's death she has a brief sexual relationship with a man named Ricardo and also engages in a short term polyamorous relationship with Payton and his girlfriend Alice Charles.[1176] | |||
| Georgina Hobart | Gwyneth Paltrow | In season 1 Georgina leaves her husband Keaton for her female horse trainer, Brigitte. She later has relationships with Alison and Tino McCutcheon.[1177][1178] | |||
| Brigitte | Martina Navratilova | ||||
| McAfee Westbrook | Laura Dreyfuss | Throughout the series McAfee has relationships with men and women.[1179] | |||
| Skye Leighton | Rahne Jones | Skye Leighton is a gender non-conforming lesbian.[1180] | |||
| James Sullivan | Theo Germaine | James Sullivan is a trans man.[1181] | |||
| Marcus Standish | Joe Morton | For over ten years Marcus and his wife Dede were involved in a polyamorous relationship with a man named William Ward, although William dumps them after falling in love with another woman. Marcus and Dede briefly engage in a sexual relationship with a different man before dumping him and divorcing each other.[1182] | |||
| William Ward | Teddy Sears | For over ten years Teddy was engaged in a polyamorous relationship with married couple Marcus and Dede Standish, but eventually leaves them for a woman named Hadassah Gold.[1182] | |||
| Alice Charles | Julia Schlaepfer | Alice initially only has relationships with men, including a long time relationship with her classmate Payton Hobart, an affair with Payton's best friend James Sullivan, and a brief engagement to a male classmate. She later develops a short term polyamorous relationship with Payton and Astrid Sloan before eventually dumping Astrid and marrying Payton.[1183][1184][1185] | |||
| Andi Mueller | Robin Weigert | Andi Mueller is a lesbian.[1186] | |||
| Susan | Liv Mai | Susan is a lesbian.[1187] | |||
| 2019– | Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists | Freeform | Alison DiLaurentis | Sasha Pieterse | Alison is bisexual. She was in a relationship with Emily Fields in the first series.[1188] |
| Dylan Walker | Eli Brown | Dylan is gay.[1189][1190] | |||
| Andrew Villareal | Evan Bittencourt | Andrew is gay.[1189][1190][1191] | |||
| Nolan Hotchkiss | Chris Mason | Nolan is bisexual.[1189][1190] | |||
| 2019 | Proven Innocent | Fox | Madeline Scott | Rachelle Lefevre | Madeline is bisexual. She was with Wren during her time in prison. Wren is a lesbian.[1192] |
| Wren | Candice Coke | ||||
| 2019 | The Red Line | CBS | Dr. Harrison Brennan | Corey Reynolds | Dr. Harrison Brennan is gay. He is married to Daniel Calder. He is shot, while unarmed, by a White cop.[1193][1194] |
| Daniel Calder | Noah Wyle | Daniel Calder is gay. He is a high school history teacher mourning the death of his husband, Dr. Harrison Brennan, an African American man who is shot, while unarmed, by a White cop.[1193][1194] | |||
| Liam Bhatt | Vinny Chhibber | Liam is a gay Muslim American teacher.[1195] | |||
| Riley Hooper | J.J. Hawkins | Riley is a trans-masculine high school student.[1196][1197] | |||
| 2019– | Roswell, New Mexico | The CW | Michael Guerin | Michael Vlamis |
Michael is a bisexual alien.[1198] |
| Alex Manes | Tyler Blackburn | Alex is gay.[1199][1200] | |||
| Isobel Evans | Lily Cowles | Isobel Evans-Bracken is pasexual.[1201] | |||
| Charlie Cameron | Jamie Clayton | Charlie Cameron is a trans woman, and a FBI agent. She uses the alias Agent Grace Powell.[1202] | |||
| Blair | Sarah Minnich | Blair is a lesbian, and a bartender at the local gay bar.[1203] | |||
| 2019– | Sex Education | Netflix | Eric Effiong | Ncuti Gatwa | Eric is openly gay.[1204] |
| Anwar | Chaneil Kular | Anwar is gay.[1205] | |||
| Adam Groff | Connor Swindells | Adam Groff is bisexual. He's in a relationship with Aimee at the start of season 1 but later kisses and pursues Eric.[1206] | |||
| Ruthie | Lily Newmark | Ruthie is lesbian.[1207] | |||
| Tanya | Alice Hewkin | Tanya is lesbian.[1207] | |||
| Sofia Marchetti | Hannah Waddingham | Sofia and Roz Marchetti are Jackson's lesbian mothers.[1207] | |||
| Roz Marchetti | Sharon Duncan-Brewster | ||||
| Rahim | Sami Outalbali | Rahim is gay. He is introduced in season 2 and is in a relationship with Eric.[1208] | |||
| Florence | Mirren Mack | Florence is asexual.[1209] | |||
| Ola Nyman | Patricia Allison | Ola is pansexual.[1210] | |||
| Lily Iglehart | Tanya Reynolds | Lily Iglehart is pansexual.[1207] | |||
| 2019– | The Society | Netflix | Sam | Sean Berdy | Sam is gay and hearing impaired. Grizz is gay and learns sign language so he can communicate with Sam. They are romantically and sexually involved with each other.[1211][1212][1213] |
| Grizz | Jack Mulhern | ||||
| 2019– | Special | Netflix | Ryan Hayes | Ryan O'Connell | Ryan is openly gay.[1214][1215] |
| Carey | Augustus Prew | Carey is a gay journalist. He has a boyfriend, but befriends Ryan.[1216] | |||
| 2019 | The Stranded | Netflix | Krit | Perth Tanapon | Krit and Jack are a gay couple.[1217][1218] |
| Jack | Mark Siwat | ||||
| Arisa | Chaleeda Gilbert | Arisa is a lesbian.[1219] | |||
| Ying | Ticha Wongtipkanon | Ying is bisexual.[1219] | |||
| 2019– | Stumptown | ABC | Dexadrine "Dex" Parios | Cobie Smulders | Dex is bisexual.[1220][1221] |
| 2019 | Tales of the City | Netflix | Shawna Hawkins | Elliot Page | Shawna is bisexual.[1222] |
| Michael 'Mouse' Tolliver | Murray Bartlett | Michael is gay.[1223] | |||
| Ben Marshall | Charlie Barnett | Ben is Michael's boyfriend.[1224] | |||
| Anna Madrigal | Olympia Dukakis | Anna is a transsexual woman.[1222][1225] | |||
| Jake Rodriguez | Garcia | Jake is a transgender male.[1222] | |||
| Margot Park | May Hong | Margot is lesbian.[1222] | |||
| Samuel Garland | Victor Garber | Samuel is gay.[1226] | |||
| DeDe Halcyon Day | Barbara Garrick | DeDe is lesbian.[1222] | |||
| Claire Duncan | Zosia Mamet | Claire is Shawna's love interest.[1222] | |||
| Ida Best | Bob the Drag Queen | Ida is gay and a drag queen.[1227] | |||
| Harrison | Matthew Risch | Harrison is gay.[1228] | |||
| Flaco Ramirez | Juan Castano | Flaco is gay.[1229] | |||
| Mateo | Dickie Hearts | Mateo is gay and deaf.[1230] | |||
| Inka Gisladottior | Samantha Soule | Inka is bisexual.[1222] | |||
| 2019– | TharnType: The Series | One31 | Tharn | Mew Suppasit | Tharn is gay. Tharn and Type are love interests.[1231] Thai boys love television series. |
| Type | Gulf Kanawut | Type is gay.[1231] | |||
| Lhong | Kaownah Kittipat | Lhong is gay.[1232] | |||
| Tar | Kokliang Parinya | Tar is Tharn's ex-boyfriend.[1232] | |||
| Tum | Hiter Natthad | Tum is gay.[1232] | |||
| Khlui | Mawin Tanawin | Khlui is gay.[1232] | |||
| 2019 | Theory of Love | GMM 25 | Third | Gun Atthaphan | Third originally has a secret crush on Khai but they eventually become a gay couple.[1233] |
| Khai | Off Jumpol | ||||
| 2019– | Toy Boy | Antena 3 Netflix |
Jairo | Carlos Constanzia | Jairo is openly gay. Andrea is gay. Jairo and Andrea develop a romantic relationship.[1234] |
| Andrea Norman Medina | Juanjo Almeida | ||||
| 2019– | Trinkets | Netflix | Elodie Davis | Brianna Hildebrand | Elodie Davis is lesbian and a kleptomaniac. Sabine is a queer singer, she shows interest in Elodie (who is also interested in her) and they kiss.[1235] |
| Sabine | Katrina Cunningham | ||||
| 2019– | The Umbrella Academy | Netflix | Klaus Hargreeves | Robert Sheehan | Klaus (aka The Séance, Number Four) is gay.[1236][1237][1238] |
| Vanya Hargreeves | Elliot Page | Vanya (aka The White Violin, Number 7) is bisexual.[1239] | |||
| Dave | Cody Ray Thompson | Dave is gay. He and Klaus were together during the Vietnam War when Klaus travels back in time.[1240][1241] | |||
| Sissy Cooper | Marin Irlande | Sissy is bisexual.[1239] | |||
| 2019 | The Untamed | Tencent Video | Wei Wuxian | Xiao Zhan | Wei Wuxian and Lan Wangji have a romantic friendship. The original web novel depicted a romantic relationship between the two main male characters, but it was changed for the television adaptation due to media censorship of LGBT portrayals.[1242][1243] |
| Lan Wangji | Wang Yibo | ||||
| 2019–2020 | Until We Meet Again | Line TV | Dean | Ohm Thitiwat | Dean and Pharm are a gay couple. Thai boys love television series.[1244][1245][1246] |
| Pharm | Fluke Natouch | ||||
| In | Earth Katsamonnat | In and Korn are a gay couple.[1245][1246] | |||
| Korn | Kao Noppakao | ||||
| Team | Prem Warut | Team and Win are a couple.[1245][1246] | |||
| Win | Boun Noppanut | ||||
| Alex | Mean Phiravich | Alex is bisexual. He initially had a crush on Pharm but later dates Del.[1245][1246] | |||
| 2019– | Watchmen | HBO | Will Reeves | Louis Gossett Jr. | Will Reeves is gay or bisexual, and had an affair with Nelson Gardner.[1247] |
| Nelson Gardner | Jovan Adepo | ||||
| 2019– | Weird City | YouTube Premium | Stu | Dylan O'Brien | Stu and Burt are in a sexual and romantic relationship. They are assigned to be together after an app determines they are meant for one another.[1248][1249] |
| Burt | Ed O'Neill | ||||
| Liquia | Laverne Cox | Liquia and Jathryn are in a committed romantic and sexual relationship.[1250][1251] | |||
| Jathryn | Sara Gilbert | ||||
| 2019– | What/If | Netflix | Marcos | Juan Castano | Marcos and Lionel are a couple.[1252][1253] |
| Lionel | John Clarence Stewart | ||||
| Kevin | Derek Smith | Kevin was a one time hook-up for the couple, but became a good friend.[1252][1253] | |||
| 2019– | World on Fire | BBC One | Webster O'Connor | Brian J. Smith | Webster O'Connor is a gay American doctor. Albert Fallou is a gay Parisian saxophonist. They are in a romantic relationship.[1254] |
| Albert Fallou | Parker Sawyers | ||||
| 2019– | Years and Years | BBC One | Daniel Lyons | Russell Tovey | Daniel is gay. He was married to Ralph and is in a relationship with Viktor.[1255][1256][1257][1258] |
| Ralph Cousins | Dino Fetscher | Ralph is gay. He is Daniel's ex-husband.[1255][1256][1257][1258] | |||
| Viktor Goraya | Maxim Baldry | Viktor is gay. He is in a relationship with Daniel.[1255][1256][1257][1258] | |||
| Edith Lyons | Jessica Hynes | Edith Lyons is a lesbian. Fran Baxter is a lesbian. They are in a relationship.[1259] | |||
| Fran Baxter | Sharon Duncan-Brewster |
See also
- List of fictional asexual characters
- List of fictional intersex characters
- List of fictional non-binary characters
- List of fictional pansexual characters
- List of animated series with LGBTQ+ characters
- List of comedy television series with LGBT characters
- List of horror television series with LGBT characters
- List of made-for-television films with LGBT characters
- List of news and information television programs featuring LGBT subjects
- List of reality television programs with LGBT cast members
- List of LGBT characters in radio and podcasts
- List of LGBT characters in soap operas
References
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Further reading
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- GLAAD Primetime Television Season Report:
Bunkerchan.net, also known as leftypol.org, is a datamining website founded in 1998. It was made as an alternative to 4channel's /pol/ board[1].
Bunkerchan.net DOES NOT tolerate intolerance nor bigotry[2]. Interestingly enough though, they think that Gulags were so funny they named a board after them.
Citations
/pol/ is a board on 4chan for political discussion, created on November 10, 2011. Originally, /pol/ started as a spin-off of /new/ 8 months after it was deleted, this deletion was due to the fact that a large portion of the users on /new/ were "stormfront users" or "nazis" which caused the moderators of 4chan to delete the board entirely before creating /pol/.
The current state of /pol/
It's widely agreed upon that /pol/ is currently a politically themed random board due to extremely low quality content and spam posted regularly (this includes: bait/shill posts, NSFW content, sperging and schizoposting). The large drop in quality can be attributed to the fact of /pol/'s massive rise in popularity during and after the election of Donald Trump when /pol/ was frequently mentioned in the mainstream media, this caused a massive influx of newfags who weren't adapted to the culture, with various conflicting political opinions to flood the board.
A left-wing board before stormfront invasion?
Some people will assert that /pol/ was a centre-left or left-wing board before "stormfront" flooded it, this is untrue, /pol/ always had a right-wing majority. The userbase mostly ranged from Ron Paul libertarians to Nazis, this can be proven by looking at early archives [3] [4] discussing /pol/ in 2012 (/pol/ itself has little to no archives before 2014).
/pol/ on other imageboards
Soyjak.party - /pol/
8kun (formerly 8chan) - /pnd/ (formerly /pol/)
endchan - /pol/
kohlchan - /pol/, but German
16chan - /pol/
Leftypol (formerly bunkerchan which was formerly /leftypol/ on 8chan) - Tranny leftist political website
See also
Citations
- Pages with script errors
- Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments
- Coal Articles
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- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Articles containing Finnish-language text
- Articles containing Swedish-language text
- Pages with broken file links
- Finland
- Northern European countries
- Members of the Nordic Council
- Member states of the Council of Europe
- Member states of the European Union
- Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean
- Member states of the United Nations
- Post–Russian Empire states
- Republics
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- Swedish-speaking countries and territories
- Fennoscandia
- Countries in Europe
- Christian states
- Websites
- Lists of LGBT fictional characters
- Lists of LGBT-related television shows
- Imageboards
